5.5 antibodies

Question 1

why is agglutination possible?

Answer 1

each antigen has 2 antigen binding sites

Question 2

draw and label an antibody

Answer 2

page 111

Question 3

what are the light chains in an antibody?

Answer 3

shorter pair of polypeptide chains

Question 4

what are the heavy chains in an antibody?

Answer 4

longer pair of polypeptide chains

Question 5

what is the variable region?

Answer 5

binding site on antibody

Question 6

how the antibody leads to the destruction of the antigen

Answer 6

• cause agglutination=> makes it easier for the phagocytes to locate them as thy are less spread- out
• serve as markers=> stimulate phagocytes to engulf bacterial cells to which they are attached

Question 7

what are monoclonal antibodies

Answer 7

Antibodies produced from the same B cell

Question 8

suggest why antibodies made of proteins, rather than carbohydrates or fats, are more likely to be effective against a wide range of diseases

Answer 8

• there must be a massive variety of antibodies as each responds to a different antigen, of which there are millions
• only proteins have the diversity of molecular structure to produce millions of different types

Question 9

ethical use of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 9

• use of mice- animal welfare
• full knowledge of risks and benefits known to patients
• issues about conduct of drug trials

Question 10

use of monoclonal antibodies in medical diagnosis

Answer 10

• diagnose prostate cancers

- as more PSA in blood and measure amount

Question 11

use of monoclonal antibodies in pregnancy testing

Answer 11

• hCG found in mother’s urine
• monoclonal antibodies on test strip
• pee on stick and of pregnant it forms hCG-antibody-colour complex

Question 12

use of monoclonal antibodies in targeting medication

Answer 12

• monoclonal antibodies are produced
• given to patient and attach themselves to receptors
• block chemical signals that stimulate their uncontrolled growth