5.2 Flashcards
Biology Vocab
The process of copying nucleic acids, often through the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to make them easier to analyze.
Amplification
Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
Autosomal chromosome (autosome)
The process through which a cell develops and specializes to perform a certain function
Cell differentiation
Things outside of an organism that can impact its gene expression; diet,temperature,light cycles, chemicals, etc
Environmental factors
The study of factors that affect gene expression that are not directly linked to nucleotide sequence in genetic material(e.g. environmental factors)
Epigenetics
A laboratory method that separates DNA, RNA, and proteins from sample by molecular size and charge that can be used for DNA fingerprinting.
Gel electrophoresis
The process by which genetic information generates a specific protein or trait
Gene expression
The process by which cells control which genes are expressed, when, where, and how much.
Gene regulation
A process that uses laboratory techniques to alter an organism’s DNA.
Genetic engineering
Differences in the genetic makeup of individuals in a population
Genetic variability
An organism that has had its DNA altered through genetic engineering.
Genetically modified organism
A pair of chromosomes of the same type, one from each parent; contain the same genes but different codes
Homologous chromosomes
A laboratory technique that amplifies a specific DNA segment into billions of copies for detailed study, which can be used for disease diagnosis.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
One of the pair of chromosomes that determine the biological sex of an organism; XX in a female, XY in a male
Sex chromosome
An undifferentiated cell that gives rise to specialized cells
Stem cell
