(51) Avian GI Physiology

Question 1

(Phases of GI Motility)

1. sight of food, modest increase in gastric motility
2. food in gi tract, major increase in gastric contractions
3. food entering duodenum, decrease gastric contractions, enterogastric refluxes (unique to birds)

Answer 1

1. cephalic phase
2. gastric phase
3. intestinal phase

Question 2

(Crop Motility)

(Control)

1. under control from what?
2. sectioning of what nerves disrupts peristalsis
3. Swallowed food does what or what depending on status of gastic filling?

(Patterns)

1. emptying is dependent on what?

Answer 2

1. extrinsic control from ANS
2. glossopharyngeal or vagus
3. enters crop though esophagoingluveal fissure or goes straight to stomach (when empty) depending on status of gastric filling
4. gastric cycle

Question 3

(Ventricular Motility: Gramnivores)

(Each of these does what?)

1. isthmus…
2. thin muscle…
3. pylorus…
4. duodenal peristalsis…
5. relaxation of isthmus and contraction of the thick muscle…
6. Contraction of the glandular stomach….

Answer 3

1. closes
2. contracts
3. opens
4. sweeps ingesta abroad
5. grinds food
6. last in sequence

Question 4

(Gastro Intestinal Cycles: Carnivores)

(Raptors)

1. do they have paired muscles?
2. what type of gastroduodenal cycle?
3. a peristaltic wave originating in the proventriculus moves aborad through the ventriculus and into the small intestine

Answer 4

1. no
2. simplified

Question 5

(Ventricular Motility: Carnivores)

1-3 What are the three phases of digestion process?

4. periodic duodenal refluxes into proventriculus for addition of what?
5. special case of pellet formation and casting

Answer 5

1. mechanical phase
2. chemical phase
3. pellet egestion phase
4. pepsin and HCl

Question 6

(Egestion (aka) Casting)

1. Gastrointestial function unique to birds
2. ingested bone, fur or feathers are compacted and orally egested
3. physiologically distinct from ruminating, regurgitating, or vomiting

(and then just read this)

Question 7

(Control of Gastric-Duodenal Motility)

1. What are the two components

Answer 7

1. extrinsic and intrinsic

Question 8

(Extrinsic Control of Gastric Emptying: Enterogastric Reflexes)

1. what modulate intrinsic rhythm?
2. Afferent inputs comprise what?
3. efferent signals modulate what?

(Hormonal)

1. what is duodenum slow the gastric cycle? mediated by what?

Answer 8

1. vagal inputs
2. enterogastric signalling mechanisms
3. gastric cycle (and food intake)
4. lipids; enterogastrone

(just look at additional info)

Question 9

look at this pretty well

Question 10

(Intrinsic Control of Gasto-Duodenal Motilty)

1. what serves as the pacemaker?
2. where is it located?
3. grossly visible owing to lack of what?

Answer 10

1. myenteric plexus
2. in isthmus
3. longitudinal muscle layer

Question 11

Question 12

(Intestinal Function)

1. On a comparative basis the most significant known differences occur in what?

Answer 12

1. motility patterns

Question 13

(Normal Motiliy of intestine)

1. how fast?
2. several orad movements of igesta.. accomplishes what two things?
3. complementary to what?

Answer 13

1. very rapid
2. remixes with fresh secretions, permits more complete absorption
3. avian condition (light weight)

Question 14

(Unique Aspects of Intestinal Motilty)

(Duodenal Refluxes)

1. occur how many times per hour?
2. duodenal/ileal motility does what?
3. mixing of distal duodenal and ileal content with what?
4. serve to allow what?

(Colon)

5. near continuous what (except during defecation)?

Answer 14

1. 2-4 times
2. reverses and returns ingesta into muscular stomach
3. proximal and stomach content
4. more complete digestion of food with a shorter gut
5. peristalsis

Question 15

(Orad Propulsion of Ingesta)

(Refluxes of GI contents)

1-4. What are the four examples?

5. what is the fifth (only in carnivrous)

Answer 15

1. gizzard to proventriculus during GD cycle
2. small intestine to gizzard (duodenal reflux)
3. colonic antiperistalsis
4. cloaca to colon or ceca (cecal filling)
5. egestion (casting)

Question 16

(Neural Control of Intestinal Motility)

1. Slow waves are general coordinator of aborad movement in mammals? present in birds?

(Migrating Motor complexes)

2. present, butof uncertain physiciologcal role - aborad and orad propulsion and mixing of ingesta
3. What are the three phases?
4. Periodicity - in chickens? in owls?

Answer 16

1. no
2. quiescent, irregular spike activity, high-amptitude regular spikes
3. 77-122 minutes, 22 minutes

Question 17

(Hormonal Effects on GI Tract)

(Avian Pancreatic Polypeptide (APP))

1. released in response to what?
2. depresses what?
3. increased what?

(CCK)

1. released in response to what?
2. gall bladder contraction, gastric acid secretion
3. depressed what?
4. icreased what?
5. feeding activity?

Answer 17

1. nutrients in duodenum
2. gastric and duodenal motility
3. feeding rate
4. lipid in duodenum
5. gastric and duodenal motility
6. intestinal refluxes
7. depressed

Question 18

learn this bitch

these prducts can go to brain and directly affect - or affect neural activity that affect brain

Question 19

(Neuro-endocrine food intake)

just look at this

Answer 19

look at this too

Question 20

look at this too

Answer 20

look at next slide too

Question 21

just read the rest of the slides from this point onwards