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002 - Physiology (GI) > (50) - Avian Anatomy > Flashcards

(50) - Avian Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

(Drivers of Evolutionary Development of the AGIT)

  1. Flight restricts which three developmental variations?
  2. What limits time for foraging and food ingestion?
  3. Mouth (beak) adapted as a what?
A
  1. weight reduction, weight distribution, forelimbs not available for food handling
  2. predation
  3. 3rd hand (food handling, climbing, grooming, social interactions)
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2
Q

1-3. The pressure on birds has caused their GI tracts to become what three thigs?

  1. variable in form and function within what and what?
  2. unique physiology allows for what?
A
  1. shorter
  2. lighter
  3. faster
  4. within and individual and within a season
  5. a shorter tract (refluxes, antiperistalsis)

(take a look at this)

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3
Q

take a look at this slide

A
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4
Q

(Features of Mouth and Head)

  1. beak
  2. what is cleft palate called?
  3. salivary glands and taste buds
  4. tongue
  5. glottis - is there an epiglottis?
  6. pharynx
A
  1. choanal slit
  2. no
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5
Q

(Comparative Anatomical Overview)

1-2. What are the two main types of GI tracts in birds?

  1. once we get past stomach what happens?
  2. some birds have what?
A
  1. gallanatious (seeds and grain) (gramniverous)
  2. simple stomach birds (raptors, any meat eater)
  3. anatomy becomes quite similar across species
  4. ceca (for hindgut fermentation)
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6
Q

(Esophageal Structures)

  1. post-pharyngeal (there is no sphincter)
  2. crop - lies where?
  3. post-crop esophagus
  4. What side of neck does it run down?
A
  1. thorcaic inlet (entirely outside inlet)
  2. the right side
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7
Q

(Avian Crop Variations)

  1. Present in what two species?
  2. what does it look like in pigeons?
  3. in chickens, turkeys, and ducks?
  4. Diurnal raptors - but do have enlarged symmetrical region of esophagus - folds called what?
  5. owls an ratites?
A
  1. galliform and columbiform
  2. bilobed
  3. single-out pouching
  4. ingluvies
  5. none
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8
Q

(Functions of the Crop)

  1. mainly for storage: feeding strategies influence what?
  2. What do penguins use it for?
  3. Pigeons and flamingoes use if for what? hormonal control by what? composed of what?
A
  1. size
  2. digestion for regurgitation to young
  3. crop milk production; prolactin; protein, fat, and water (no carbs) - fed to young by regurgitation
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9
Q
  1. What bird uses their crop as a fermentation site before it enters its GI tract?
  2. known as what?
A
  1. hoatzin (diet is leaves)
  2. manure bird
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10
Q

(GI Tract Anatomy)

  1. what is the proventriculus? what happens here?
  2. Ventriculus is like what in seed eaters?
  3. in carnivores?
A
  1. glandular stomach; digestion occurs here
  2. muscular (paired) - (gizzard)
  3. no paired musculature
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11
Q

(Stomach - Comparative Anatomy)

1-3. what are three parts plus what are they?

A
  1. proventriculus - in both types
  2. isthmus (connection between glandular and lower unit) - not present in carnivores
  3. ventriculus - (grinding or digestion)
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12
Q

look at this

A

glandular epithelium - HCL and pepsin

goes into ventriculus for rest of digestion

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13
Q

what is the name of the layer that lines the lumen of stomach and protects it (made of keratin)

A
  1. koilin layer (some birds also have grit to aid in grinding)

take a look at this too - some pathological processes sloughs this layer in mass and clogs pylorus

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14
Q

In birds intestine is composed of what?

A
  1. duodenum and ileum (no jejunum)
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15
Q

(Intestinal Anatomy)

(Duodenum)

  1. Ascending and Descending Loop - which of these is more prominent?
  2. Pancreatic and biliary ducts enter where?
  3. where is duodenum located?

(Ileum)

A
  1. descending
  2. at distal end of descending loop
  3. right next to proventriculus at top of the stomach (this is weird)
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16
Q

(Intestinal Anatomy)

  1. What marks the halfway point in the duodenum?
  2. point of attachment for what?
A
  1. Meckel’s diverticulum
  2. yolk sac
17
Q

(Cecae)

  1. Present in what?
  2. What are grouse cecae?
  3. also present in what unusual animal…

4-5. What are the two functions?

A
  1. gallinaceous birds (fowl)
  2. seasonally variable in size
  3. owl
  4. fermentation (cellulose breakdown)
  5. absorption of nutrients (VFAs, AA (degradation of uric acid), H20)
18
Q

(Colon)

(a dual function organ)

1-2. what are the two functions?

  1. receives material from what via what?

(Processes)

  1. absorptive
  2. water balance; sensitive to what? absorption and secretion of what depedning on status?
A
  1. post-ileal ingesta processing
  2. water balance (takes role of mammalian kidney)
  3. from cloaca via reverse peristalsis

1.

  1. aldosterone; Na and Cl
19
Q

look at this

A
20
Q

(Cloacal Anatomy)

look at this figure - actually just look at the whole slide - he skipped over the function part

A

002 - Physiology (GI) (15 decks)

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