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002 - Physiology (GI) > (48) Blood Flow > Flashcards

(48) Blood Flow Flashcards

1
Q

(Regional Gastrointestinal Circulation)

  1. Splachnic circulation refers to what?
  2. What percent of cardiac output perfuses the gut?
  3. serves motiliy, secretion, digestion, absorption
  4. storage site for mobilization during what?
  5. What processes require the most blood (from most to least)?
  6. overlap in submucosal arteries preserves what?
A
  1. gastrointestinal tract + spleen
  2. 25%
  3. exercise or blood loss
  4. absorptive/secretory (2-4 ml blood/gram) > exocrine pancreas > muscular externa
  5. arterial flow if there is trauma
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2
Q

you’ve seen this before pal

A
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3
Q

learn this

most of blood to liver comes from portal vein - 15% - 25% comes from celiac

he says to have a good sense of these going into the examination

A

this is the same thing

h

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4
Q

(Regulation of GI blood flow)

1-5. List the five general regulators of GI blood flow

A
  1. autonomic nervous system
  2. general hemodynamics
  3. local metabolism
  4. neurohumoral substances
  5. local vascular properties

(look at graph - he says we don’t need to memorize it - just get an idea)

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5
Q

(Organization of Autonomic Nervous System)

Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic

  1. Preganglionic
  2. autonomic ganglia
  3. pre ganglionic axon
  4. post ganglionic axon
  5. effector organs
  6. ganglion
  7. effector organ
  8. receptor
A
  1. CN III, VII, IX, X; S2-4

spinal cord T1-L3

  1. effector organ

para or pre verterbral

  1. long

short

  1. short

long

  1. smooth muscle; glands; cardiac muscle

smooth muscle; glands; cardiac muscle

  1. ACh/Nicotinic

ACh/Nicotinic

  1. ACh/muscarinic

norepinephrine

  1. muscarinic

alpha 1 and 2; beta 1 and 2

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6
Q

(Autonomic Nerves Effect on GI Blood Flow)

(Sympathetic)

  1. contraction of what receptors?
  2. what happens to blood flow?
  3. followed by what?

(Parasympathetic)

  1. increase or decrease in blood flow in xecretory organs
  2. in smooth muscle?

(Intrinsic)

  1. what type of vasodilation?
A
  1. vascular alpha smooth muscle receptors
  2. decreases
  3. beta receptor activation and vasodilation
  4. increase
  5. decreased blood flow
  6. VIP mediated vasodilation
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7
Q

(General Hemodynamics)

1-4 What four things will decrease GI blood flow?

5-7 What are three examples?

A
  1. decreased cardiac output
  2. decreased arterial pressure
  3. decreased blood volume
  4. decreased fluidity of blood
  5. congestive heart failure
  6. disseminated intravascular coagulation
  7. sepsis, SIRS
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8
Q

(Neurohumoral Substances affect of GI Blood Flow)

(Adrenal Medulla)

  1. catecholamines

(Kidney)

  1. angiotensin II

(Posterior Pituitary)

  1. vasopressin

(GI tract)

  1. Glucagon and CCK

(GI TRAct)

  1. gastrin
A
  1. decreased blood flow
  2. decreased blood flow
  3. decreased blood flow
  4. increase pancreatic blood flow
  5. increase gastric mucosal blood flow
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9
Q

(Local Metabolism affects on increased blood flow)

  1. decreased pO2 and dilator metabolites (adenosine, prostaglandins, amines, peptides) will increase of decrease GI blood flow
A
  1. increase
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10
Q

(Local Vascular Properties affects on GI Blood Flow)

  1. What is the ability to maintain steady blood flow in face of flucuating arterial pressures
A
  1. autoregulation

he then skipped over the rest of these - but you should probably learn them

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11
Q

(Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury)

  1. occurs when blood flow is insuffiecient to deliver an amount of oxygen and nutrients necessary for maintenance or cell integrity
  2. occurs when blood flow is restored to ishemic tissue
  3. cellular injury resulting from a period of ishemia followed by restoration of blood flow to ischemic tissue
A
  1. ischemia
  2. reperfusion
  3. ischemia reperfusion injury
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12
Q

(This is what causes injury)

this is what leads to ischemia injury

note the oxygen radicals

also recruitment of alot of granulocytes

A

note the differences here

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13
Q

(Types of Ischemia-Reperfusion INjury)

  1. conditions that directly disrupt gastrointestinal blood flow such as strangulation, volvulus, intussusception, or thromboembolism
  2. results from systemic conditions, eg, sepsis, SIRS, DIC
A
  1. occlusive ischemia
  2. non-occlusive ischemia
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14
Q

(Gastric Dilatation/Volvulus)

  1. what species do you see this in?

2-5 What are the four risk factors?

A
  1. dogs
  2. large and giant breeds
  3. increasing age
  4. rapid food consumption
  5. one meal per day
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15
Q

(Gastric Dilatation/Volvulus)

(Principles of Management)

  1. Shock Management –> crystalloids, colloids, pressor agents (restore blood flow systemically as well as to GI tract), antibiotics (injury to mucosa - lose some host defense), blood products (due to loos of blood)
  2. Gastric Decompression –> gastric intubation (decompression of stomach), gastrocentesis (needle to vent stomach of gas)
  3. surgery –> restoration of normal anatomy, gastric resention, gastropexy
A
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16
Q

look at this

A
17
Q

what’s going on here?

What does it cause?

What is the major site?

A

intussusception

slowed gastric motility

Jejuno-jejunal

18
Q

(Feline GI Intussusception)

1-4. What four signs are associated with Intussusception?

A
  1. parasitism
  2. foreign bodies
  3. viral enteritis
  4. lymphoma (cats)
19
Q

what is this process called?

what does it cause?

A

feline aortic thromboembolism

perfusion ischemia injury

20
Q

(Porta-Caval Shunt/Porta-Systemic Shunt)

circumstances blood is diverted away from portal vein that goes into liver into systemic circulation

(this is a young animal - can tell by growth plates)

(the gastric axis is in the wrong place - abscence of liver tissue)

get hepato-encephalothapy (brain messes up due to liver not getting rid of toxins in blood)

(ammonia in excess circulating - doesn’t get changed into urea)

A
21
Q

learn this

A
22
Q

1-3. What are the three metabolites absorbed in the colon?

  1. basically this shows that if there is diversion ammonia will get into systemic circulation
A
  1. ammonia
  2. Na+
  3. Short chain fatty acids
23
Q

(Pathogenesis of Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage)

  1. What about an animal with hepatic failure would cause this?
A
  1. the liver contains some clotting factors
24
Q

baiscally showing that there are many clinical signs of gastrointestinal hemorrhage

A
25
Q

Give me what Damnit stands for

A
  1. developmental, drug-induced
  2. anatomic, allergic, autoimmune
  3. metabolic, mechanical
  4. nutritional, neoplastic
  5. Inflammatory, Infectious, Idiopathic
  6. traumatic, toxic

002 - Physiology (GI) (15 decks)

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