5.01 Notes Flashcards
Shock is defined as
Inadequate cellular perfusion
Cells require __,___,___ to carry out cellular processes to produce energy in the form of ____
Oxygen , water, and glucose. Adenosine triphospahte
When the cells do not receive their requirements via the bloodstream, the cells cannot create energy and are categorized as
Hypoperfused
If cells are hypoperfused , tissues and organs are also hypoperfused. In the early stages of shock, the body will attempt to compensate by maintaining ___
Homeostasis
This is the circulation of blood to the tissues in adequate amounts to meet the cells needs
Perfusion
There are two circuits in the body :
The systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation
The systemic circulation is between the
Heart and the body
The pulmonary circulation is between the
Heart and the lungs
The systemic circulation carries oxygen rich blood from the ___ through the body and back to the _____
Left ventricle
Right atrium
Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass rapidly across the thin walls of the alveoli by the process of
Diffusion
A passive process in which molecule move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration
Diffusion
Carbon dioxide waste products released from cells can combine with water in the bloodstream to form
Biocarbonate
_______ concentrations become higher as more carbon dioxide is produced and blood moves back toward the lungs
Biocarbonate
To protect vital organs from hypoperfusion the body attempts to compensate by directing blood flow away from organs that are more tolerant of shock (___,and__), to organs that cannot tolerate shock(such as the ___,___,and the ___)if theses tissues do not have adequate perfusion restored, they can die,resulting in permanent damage to the tissues and organs
Skin and intestines
Heart,brain,and lungs
The cardiovascular system consists of three parts
A pump (the heart),a set of pipes(the blood vessels or arteries that act as the container) and the contents of the container(the blood)
The heart,blood vessels or arteries that act as a container and the contents of the container (the blood). These three parts are referred to as
Perfusion triangle
When a patient is in shock, of the three parts of the ____ is not working properly
Perfusion triangle
Blood is composed of
Red blood cell , white blood cells , platelets, and plasma
Are responsible for transporting oxygen to the cells and transporting carbon dioxide away from the cells to the lungs, where it is exhaled and removed from the body
Red blood cells
Helps the body fight infection
White blood cells
Assist in forming blood clots
Platelets
Contains electrolytes and fluid which are important for cells to function
Plasma
White bloods cells , red blood cells, platelets, and plasma are all vital to maintain
Homeostasis
If at anytime, tissue is hypoperfused, the body will attempt to compensate by regulating the _____, or the amount of blood delivered to any given part of the body, thereby preventing shock
Blood pressure
Is the pressure of blood within the vessels at any moment in time
Blood pressure
_____ pressure is the peak arterial pressure or pressure generated when the heart contracts
Systolic
___ pressure is the pressure maintained within the arteries while the heart is at rest or between beats
Diastolic
Is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure
Pulse pressure
Systolic - diastolic =
Pulse pressure
It signifies the amount of force the heart generates with each contraction
Pulse pressure
Blood flow through the capillary beds is regulated by the_____, circular muscular walls that constrict and dilate.
capillary sphincters
Capillary sphincters are under the control of the
Autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary functions such as sweating and digestion
Regulation of blood flow is determined by cellular need and is accomplished by vessel construction or dilation and
Capillary sphincter constriction or dilation
The sympathetic side of the ______ which is responsible for fight or flight response, assumes more control of the body’s functions during a state of shock.
autonomic nervous system
This response by the autonomic nervous system causes the release of the hormones ___ and ____
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine cause changes in certain body functions including an increase in the ____ and the strength of cardiac contractions.
Heart rate
The fight or flight response also cause vasoconstriction in nonessential areas, primarily in the skin and
Gastrointestinal tract
Reducing blood flow to the skin is called ____ and helps shunt blood to the vital organs
Peripheral vasoconstriction
In all cases of shock, the damage occurs because of
insufficient perfusion of organs and tissues
Which of the perfusion triangle are these apart of ? Causes:heart attack,trauma to the heart,obstructive causes(large pulmonary embolus)
Pump failure
Which of the perfusion triangle are these apart of ? Causes : trauma to vessels or tissues, fluid loss from gi tract (vomiting/diarrhea)
Low fluid volume
Which of the perfusion triangle are these apart of ? Causes : infection, drug overdose (narcotic), spinal cord injury, anaphylaxis
Port vessel function
Type of shocks from pump failure
Cardiogenic shock
Obstructive shock(tension pneumothorax,cardiac tamponade,pulmonary embolism)
Types of shock from poor vessel function
Distributive shock(septic shock, neurogenic shock, anaphylactic shock, psychogenic shock)
Types of shock from low fluid volume
Hypovolemic shock (hemorrhagic shock,nonhemorrhagic shock)
This shock is caused by inadequate function of the heart, or pump failure
Cardiogenic shock
The resulting buildup forces fluid out of the capillary beds that surround the alveoli, leading to
Pulmonary edema
Is the presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid between cells in body tissues, causing swelling of the affected area
Edema
This shock develops when the heart cannot maintain sufficient output to meet the demands of the body
Cardiogenic shock
Is the volume of blood that the heart can pump per minute and depends on several factors.
Cardiac output
The ability of the heart muscle to contract is called
Myocardial contractility
This shock is caused by an obstruction that prevents an adequate volume of blood from being distributed to the body
Obstructive shock
Three of the most common examples of obstructive shock are
Cardiac tamponade , tension pneumothorax, and pulmonary embolism
A collection of fluid between the pericardial sac and the myocardium is called a
Pericardial effusion
If the pericardial effusion becomes large enough, it can prevent the ventricles from filling with blood. A condition called cardiac tamponade or pericardial tamponade
cardiac tamponade or pericardial tamponade
