5.01 Notes

Question 1

Shock is defined as

Answer 1

Inadequate cellular perfusion

Question 2

Cells require __,___,___ to carry out cellular processes to produce energy in the form of ____

Answer 2

Oxygen , water, and glucose. Adenosine triphospahte

Question 3

When the cells do not receive their requirements via the bloodstream, the cells cannot create energy and are categorized as

Answer 3

Hypoperfused

Question 4

If cells are hypoperfused , tissues and organs are also hypoperfused. In the early stages of shock, the body will attempt to compensate by maintaining ___

Answer 4

Homeostasis

Question 5

This is the circulation of blood to the tissues in adequate amounts to meet the cells needs

Answer 5

Perfusion

Question 6

There are two circuits in the body :

Answer 6

The systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation

Question 7

The systemic circulation is between the

Answer 7

Heart and the body

Question 8

The pulmonary circulation is between the

Answer 8

Heart and the lungs

Question 9

The systemic circulation carries oxygen rich blood from the ___ through the body and back to the _____

Answer 9

Left ventricle
Right atrium

Question 10

Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass rapidly across the thin walls of the alveoli by the process of

Answer 10

Diffusion

Question 11

A passive process in which molecule move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

Answer 11

Diffusion

Question 12

Carbon dioxide waste products released from cells can combine with water in the bloodstream to form

Answer 12

Biocarbonate

Question 13

_______ concentrations become higher as more carbon dioxide is produced and blood moves back toward the lungs

Answer 13

Biocarbonate

Question 14

To protect vital organs from hypoperfusion the body attempts to compensate by directing blood flow away from organs that are more tolerant of shock (___,and__), to organs that cannot tolerate shock(such as the ___,___,and the ___)if theses tissues do not have adequate perfusion restored, they can die,resulting in permanent damage to the tissues and organs

Answer 14

Skin and intestines
Heart,brain,and lungs

Question 15

The cardiovascular system consists of three parts

Answer 15

A pump (the heart),a set of pipes(the blood vessels or arteries that act as the container) and the contents of the container(the blood)

Question 16

The heart,blood vessels or arteries that act as a container and the contents of the container (the blood). These three parts are referred to as

Answer 16

Perfusion triangle

Question 17

When a patient is in shock, of the three parts of the ____ is not working properly

Answer 17

Perfusion triangle

Question 18

Blood is composed of

Answer 18

Red blood cell , white blood cells , platelets, and plasma

Question 19

Are responsible for transporting oxygen to the cells and transporting carbon dioxide away from the cells to the lungs, where it is exhaled and removed from the body

Answer 19

Red blood cells

Question 20

Helps the body fight infection

Answer 20

White blood cells

Question 21

Assist in forming blood clots

Answer 21

Platelets

Question 22

Contains electrolytes and fluid which are important for cells to function

Answer 22

Plasma

Question 23

White bloods cells , red blood cells, platelets, and plasma are all vital to maintain

Answer 23

Homeostasis

Question 24

If at anytime, tissue is hypoperfused, the body will attempt to compensate by regulating the _____, or the amount of blood delivered to any given part of the body, thereby preventing shock

Answer 24

Blood pressure

Question 25

Is the pressure of blood within the vessels at any moment in time

Answer 25

Blood pressure

Question 26

_____ pressure is the peak arterial pressure or pressure generated when the heart contracts

Answer 26

Systolic

Question 27

___ pressure is the pressure maintained within the arteries while the heart is at rest or between beats

Answer 27

Diastolic

Question 28

Is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure

Answer 28

Pulse pressure

Question 29

Systolic - diastolic =

Answer 29

Pulse pressure

Question 30

It signifies the amount of force the heart generates with each contraction

Answer 30

Pulse pressure

Question 31

Blood flow through the capillary beds is regulated by the_____, circular muscular walls that constrict and dilate.

Answer 31

capillary sphincters

Question 32

Capillary sphincters are under the control of the

Answer 32

Autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary functions such as sweating and digestion

Question 33

Regulation of blood flow is determined by cellular need and is accomplished by vessel construction or dilation and

Answer 33

Capillary sphincter constriction or dilation

Question 34

The sympathetic side of the ______ which is responsible for fight or flight response, assumes more control of the body’s functions during a state of shock.

Answer 34

autonomic nervous system

Question 35

This response by the autonomic nervous system causes the release of the hormones ___ and ____

Answer 35

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 36

Hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine cause changes in certain body functions including an increase in the ____ and the strength of cardiac contractions.

Answer 36

Heart rate

Question 37

The fight or flight response also cause vasoconstriction in nonessential areas, primarily in the skin and

Answer 37

Gastrointestinal tract

Question 38

Reducing blood flow to the skin is called ____ and helps shunt blood to the vital organs

Answer 38

Peripheral vasoconstriction

Question 39

In all cases of shock, the damage occurs because of

Answer 39

insufficient perfusion of organs and tissues

Question 40

Which of the perfusion triangle are these apart of ? Causes:heart attack,trauma to the heart,obstructive causes(large pulmonary embolus)

Answer 40

Pump failure

Question 41

Which of the perfusion triangle are these apart of ? Causes : trauma to vessels or tissues, fluid loss from gi tract (vomiting/diarrhea)

Answer 41

Low fluid volume

Question 42

Which of the perfusion triangle are these apart of ? Causes : infection, drug overdose (narcotic), spinal cord injury, anaphylaxis

Answer 42

Port vessel function

Question 43

Type of shocks from pump failure

Answer 43

Cardiogenic shock
Obstructive shock(tension pneumothorax,cardiac tamponade,pulmonary embolism)

Question 44

Types of shock from poor vessel function

Answer 44

Distributive shock(septic shock, neurogenic shock, anaphylactic shock, psychogenic shock)

Question 45

Types of shock from low fluid volume

Answer 45

Hypovolemic shock (hemorrhagic shock,nonhemorrhagic shock)

Question 46

This shock is caused by inadequate function of the heart, or pump failure

Answer 46

Cardiogenic shock

Question 47

The resulting buildup forces fluid out of the capillary beds that surround the alveoli, leading to

Answer 47

Pulmonary edema

Question 48

Is the presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid between cells in body tissues, causing swelling of the affected area

Answer 48

Edema

Question 49

This shock develops when the heart cannot maintain sufficient output to meet the demands of the body

Answer 49

Cardiogenic shock

Question 50

Is the volume of blood that the heart can pump per minute and depends on several factors.

Answer 50

Cardiac output

Question 51

The ability of the heart muscle to contract is called

Answer 51

Myocardial contractility

Question 52

This shock is caused by an obstruction that prevents an adequate volume of blood from being distributed to the body

Answer 52

Obstructive shock

Question 53

Three of the most common examples of obstructive shock are

Answer 53

Cardiac tamponade , tension pneumothorax, and pulmonary embolism

Question 54

A collection of fluid between the pericardial sac and the myocardium is called a

Answer 54

Pericardial effusion

Question 55

If the pericardial effusion becomes large enough, it can prevent the ventricles from filling with blood. A condition called cardiac tamponade or pericardial tamponade

Answer 55

cardiac tamponade or pericardial tamponade