5 Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

Question 1

instinct theory of motivation

Answer 1

evolutionarily programmed instincts –> certain behaviors

Question 2

arousal theory

Answer 2

perform actions to maintain an optimal level of arousal

Question 3

Yorkes-Dodson law

Answer 3

(level of arousal vs. performance) is a U-shaped function

Question 4

drives

Answer 4

internal states of tension

activate particular behaviors focused on goals

Question 5

primary drives

Answer 5

need for food/water/warmth

motivate bodily processes in homeostasis

Question 6

homeostatic regulation

Answer 6

external encountered; system reacts to push back to optimal state

negative feedback loops

Question 7

secondary drives

Answer 7

not directly related to biological processes

thought to stem from learning

Question 8

drive reduction theory

Answer 8

motivation based on goal of eliminating uncomfortable states

Question 9

hierarchy of needs

Answer 9

Maslow

1. physiological
2. safety
3. love/belonging
4. esteem
5. self-actualization

(most primitive, essential, important = highest priority)

Question 10

self-determination theory (SDT)

Answer 10

1. autonomy: need to be in control of one’s actions
2. competence: need to complete/excel at difficult tasks
3. need to feel accepted/wanted in relationships

Question 11

incentive theory

Answer 11

desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

Question 12

expectancy-value theory

Answer 12

individual’s expectation of success in reaching a goal + degree to which he/she values succeeding at the goal

Question 13

opponent-process theory

Answer 13

“tolerance” –> decrease in perceived effect of something over time

ex. when drug is taken repeatedly, body attempts to counteract effects of drug by changing it’s physiology
- -> change lasts longer than drug; withdrawal symptoms
- -> motivation to take more drug
- -> can create a physical dependence

Question 14

emotion as physiological response

Answer 14

arousal stimulated by autonomic nervous system

Question 15

emotion as behavioral response

Answer 15

facial expressions/body language

Question 16

emotion as cognitive response

Answer 16

subjective interpretation of feelings being experienced

Question 17

7 universal emotions

Answer 17

1. happiness
2. sadness
3. contempt
4. surprise
5. fear
6. disgust
7. anger

Question 18

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 18

functionalist

1. stimulus results in physiological arousal
2. secondary response in which the emotion is labeled

“because i am feeling these sensations (1), I must be experiencing this emotion (2)”

Question 19

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 19

physiological arousal and feeling and emotion occur simultaneously
(one does not determine the other)

sent to cortex and sympathetic nervous system in thalamus at the same time

“I experience this emotion because of this sensory input and am feeling this physiological arousal”

Question 20

Schachter-Singer theory/
cognitive arousal theory/
two-factor theory

Answer 20

arousal + labeling of arousal based on environment –> emotion experienced

“I am experiencing this emotion because of arousal AND label in environment”

Question 21

cognitive appraisal

Answer 21

one must consciously analyze environment in relationship to nervous system arousal

Schachter-Singer theory/
cognitive arousal theory/
two-factor theory

Question 22

limbic system

Answer 22

below cerebrum on either side of thalamus

Question 23

amygdala

Answer 23

signals cortex about attention/emotion stimuli

fear, interpretation of facial expressions

Question 24

thalamus

Answer 24

1st sensory processing station

routes info to right places

Question 25

hypothalamus

Answer 25

synthesis/release neurotransmitters
homeostatic functions
modulates emotion

Question 26

hippocampus

Answer 26

in temporal lobe

long-term memories (storage & retrieval –> emotional response)

Question 27

explicit memory system

Answer 27

hippocampus

memory of experiencing the actual emotion
conscious

Question 28

implicit memory system

Answer 28

amygdala

storage of actual feelings associated with an event
unconscious (emotional memory)

Question 29

prefrontal cortex

Answer 29

intricate cognitive functions

Question 30

dorsal prefrontal cortex

Answer 30

attention and cognition

Question 31

ventral prefrontal cortex

Answer 31

emotion

Question 32

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 32

decision-making

controlling amygdala’s emotional response

Question 33

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Answer 33

certain physiological responses specific emotions

Question 34

primary cognitive appraisal of stress

Answer 34

initial evaluation of environment and associated threat

• irrelevant
• benign-positive
• stressful

Question 35

secondary cognitive appraisal of stress

Answer 35

IF STRESSFUL PRIMARY,
evaluate whether organism can cope with stress

1. harm: damage caused
2. threat: potential for future damage
3. challenge: potential to overcome/possibly benefit

Question 36

reappraisal

Answer 36

consistent monitoring

Question 37

stressor

Answer 37

distress vs. eustress

Question 38

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 38

physiological response to stress

1. alarm:
   SNS activated
   hypothalamus!
   –> pituitary –> ACTH –> adrenal glands –> cortisol –> steady supply of blood glucose
   –> adrenal medulla –> epinephrine/norepinephrine –> SNS
2. resistance:
   continuous release of hormones –> body fights stressor
3. exhaustion:
   body can no longer maintain elevated response with SNS activity
   - susceptible to illness, medical conditions, deteriorations, death