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GI > 5- gastrointestinal bacteria > Flashcards

5- gastrointestinal bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

what is normal flora?

A
  • more bugs than human cells
  • they colonise us (they’re there but not causing problems) →not all bugs abnormal
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2
Q

what does body do to keep bugs in right places?

A

natural defences like acidity in stomach, mucous & coughing etc

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3
Q

what areas of body don’t have any colonisers?

A

blood is sterile & cerebral fluid is sterile = should have no bugs

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4
Q

what is colonisation?

A

the establishment of a microorganism on or within a host; it may be short lived

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5
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

any microorganism that has potential to cause disease

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6
Q

what is virulence?

A

likelihood of causing disease

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7
Q

what is involved in diagnosing infection?

A
  • history (notice patterns, generating differential diagnosis)
  • examination (review differential diagnosis)
  • investigations (radiological, biochemistry, immunology etc)

review differential diagnoses even further →microbiology (stool, urine, wound, tissue cultures)

microscopy - stool, urine, CSF, sputum, pus

serology

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8
Q

is immunosuppression same for each disease?

A

depleted phagocytes - bacteria problem

depleted T lymphocytes = bacteria but also sometimes funghi & protozoa) problem

→not all infections the same

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9
Q

what are important bacterial of GI causing diarrhoea?

A
  • Salmonella
  • Shigella
  • Campylobacter
  • enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (with Shiga toxin)
  • Clostridioides difficile
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10
Q

when do you give antibiotics for these?

A

very very rarely - most self limiting so only give when very severe or prolonged

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11
Q

what are main risk factors for general bacterial diarrhoea?

A
  • raw milk (unpasteurised food)
  • raw/undercooked food
  • contaminated/untreated water contact
  • childcare/healthcare/long term care/prison
  • animal/animal excreta contact
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12
Q

what is campylobacter? (transmission, symptoms, some facts etc)

A

transmission = undercooked poultry - faecal oral transmission (can be person to person)

symptoms = diarrhoea, cramps, dysentery

  • loves 37-41 degrees so lives happily in birds so when eat birds you contaminate yourself
  • self limiting so no antibiotics until severe
  • gram negative spiral shaped
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13
Q

what are risk factors for campylobacter?

A
  • travel
  • acid inhibitor = acid in body good for killing bugs
  • undercooked poultry
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14
Q

what are complications of campylobacter?

A
  • Guillan-Barre
  • reactive arthritis
  • irritable bowel
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15
Q

what is salmonella? (types, transmission, symptoms, facts etc)

A

main type = salmonella enterica (typhoidal is different type more in foreign countries)

transmission = foodborne - travel, eggs, dairy, reptiles, pet food

symptoms = blood diarrhoea (watery diarrhoea first)

  • gram negative rod = can culture & PCR
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16
Q

what are risk for salmonella?

A
  • contaminated food or water
  • exposure to infected animals
  • not washing hands
  • eating raw or undercooked
17
Q

who is at risk for salmonella?

A
  • low stomach acid
  • change in GI flora
  • renal failure
  • younger than 1 or older than 50
  • immunosuppressed
  • haemoglobinopathies
18
Q

what are complications of salmonella for immunosuppressed people?

A

endocarditis, aortitis, bone and joint, visceral infections, meningitis

19
Q

what bugs give dysentery?

A

shigella, e.coli, salmonella, campylobacter

20
Q

what is e.coli? (transmission, symptoms and facts etc)

A

e.coli lives happily in gut but can also some types cause problems

  • enterohaemorrhagic e.coli (EHEC) which produces shiga toxin and is food borne especially mince
  • e.coli 0157 →risk factor of petting zoo/contact with animals or undercooked beef/pork etc
21
Q

what is listeria? (transmission, symptoms and facts etc)

A

favourite fridge temp = 0-5 degrees
(why pregnant people avoid soft cheeses and cold counter food, unpasteurised milk)

symptoms = diarrhoea, also causes meningitis & bacteraemia

  • gram positive rod
22
Q

what are reasons for careful choice for antibiotics?

A
  • Clostridioides difficile
  • Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (destruction of red blood cells, kidney failure, and low platelet count triggered by e.coli)
23
Q

what are important infections in abdomen i should know?

A
  • Peritonitis (primary = bugs in ascites and secondary = peritoneum burst and full of poo with bugs)
  • (Hepatitis), liver abscess
  • Cholecystitis , cholangitis
  • (Gastroenteritis) abscesses
  • Perineal abscesses
24
Q

what are antibiotics that work for gram negatives?

A
  • aminoglycosides
  • co-trimoxazole
25
Q

what are abscess infections and how do you treat?

A

abscesses = no blood supply so antibiotics don’t penetrate well so pus must be removed (mostly surgery)
- small ones can be treated with antibiotics but large needs to be drained

26
Q

is your worried about coliforms, anaerobes and enterococcus from colon burst in periotneum - what antibiotics should be given?

A

gentamicin (coliforms), metronidazole (anaerobes), amoxicillin (enterococcus)

27
Q

what are enterobacteriaceae?

A

coliforms
- 53 genera (26 cause human infection)
- Gram negative
- Non spore forming
- Grow on a variety of solid media
- increasing resistance

28
Q

what are gram negatives virulence factors?

A
  • motility = flagella allows movement (shigella & klebsiella not mobile)
  • colonisation factors = fimbriae (shorter than flagella but bind tight to tissue)
  • endotoxin = cell wall component
  • enterotoxin = e.g. shiga toxin
29
Q

what bug hint is undercooked poultry?

A

campylobacter

30
Q

what bug hint is reptiles?

A

salmonella

31
Q

what bug hint is fridge temp?

A

listeria

32
Q

what bug hint is travellers diarrhoea?

A

e.coli

33
Q

what bug hint is sexually transmitted?

A

shigella

34
Q

what bug hint is winter time, crowded setting?

A

norovirus

35
Q

what bug hint is rapid onset vomiting, toxin?

A

staph aureus

36
Q

what bug hint is reheated rice?

A

bacillus cereus

GI (56 decks)

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