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Governance Of Ecosystem Services > 5. Ecosystem Governance Recap > Flashcards

5. Ecosystem Governance Recap Flashcards

1
Q

What makes ecosystem governance different from environmental governance?

A

Ecosystem governance calls for a system approach. Its focus lies beyond pollution problems, as it consideres multiple services, interactions, and dependencies.

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2
Q

Name the three actor types of ecosystem governance and provide an example for each.

A

Public:

  • Government, government agencies
  • Cities
  • International organisations

Hybrid:

  • Public-private partnerships
  • City networks
  • Trans-governmental networks

Private:

  • Multinational corporations
  • Civil societies
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3
Q

Name two consequences of the fact that the number of partnerships is increasing.

A
  • Hard to maintain an overview
  • Unclear who can act
  • Unclear whose interests are represented by which actor
  • Unclear who the power and political will has
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4
Q

Name the three modes of global governance arrangements and provide an example for each.

A

Hierarchical

  • EU
  • National policies

Market-based

  • Carbon markets

Network

  • Partnerships
  • Co-management
  • Poly-centric
  • Decentralized
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5
Q

Name the 3 functions of global governance arrangements and provide 1 example for each.

A

Information sharing

  • IPBES

Capacity building

  • Many NGOs

Rule setting

  • CBD
  • FSC
  • CITES
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6
Q

Name 2 command and control instruments.

A
  • Trechnology standards
  • Performance standards
  • Impact assessments
  • Bans
  • Laws
  • Quota
  • Protected areas
  • Spatial planning
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7
Q

Name 2 examples of market based instruments.

A
  • Taxes
  • Subsidies
  • Fees
  • PES
  • Innovation subsidies
  • RED++
  • Caps
  • Permits
  • Tradable rights
  • Certification
  • Biodiversity offset
  • Debt-for-nature swaps
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8
Q

Name 2 examples of information based interventions.

A
  • Science-policy interfaces
  • Communication
  • Education
  • Empowerment of groups
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9
Q

True or false: a small number of linkages between actors makes multi-level governance more effective.

A

False. More linkages between actors makes multi-level governance more effective.

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10
Q

True or false: there is no institution focused on all ecosystem services of forest landscapes.

A

True.

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11
Q

Name 3 of the 7 lessons that can be learned from global biodiversity governance

A
  1. Implementation remains a central challenge, but challenge should not be conflated with effectiveness
  2. Multilateral environmental agreements are vital for success
  3. Coordination and policy coherence are often lacking, insufficient, or superficial, but can be promoted
  4. Institutional change a policy reform within existing instituions is incremental at best
  5. Understanding local political dynamics is critical
  6. Equity concerns remains central but are not often addressed in BD policy development at all levels
  7. The role of non-state actors and private voluntary standards fluctuates
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12
Q

Name an example of a hybrid instrument.

A

Co-management

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13
Q

True or false: most ecosystem interventions currently focus solely on the supply side.

A

True.

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14
Q

How is carbon sequestration often monitored?

A

Land-use proxies

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15
Q

What are the three major challenges for mainstreaming the concept of ES?

A
  1. The need for vertical and horizontal policy integration
  2. The question of stakeholder involvement
  3. Inclusive governance
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16
Q

Name 2 challenges that frequently impede good governance.

A
  1. Institutional mismatches
  2. Exclusion of local actors
  3. Corruption
  4. Perverse policies
17
Q

True or false: research on ES has tended to occur from the bottom-up, and CPR studies from the top-down.

A

False. It is the other way around.

18
Q

Name an example of formal and informal governance.

A

Formal governance

  • Actions of governments entities such as policy-making
  • Setting standards
  • Creating subordinate entities
  • Authorizing judicial and legal procedures

Informal governance

  • Unwritten rules
  • Decision-making proccesses outside officially recognized channels
19
Q

In which cluster did Tucker (2023) identify the highest frequency of threats?

A

Forest & Grassland

20
Q

What is a horizontal type of conflict?

A

Conflicts over access to scarce resources among local actors, such as different ethnic groups.

21
Q

What is a vertical type of conflict?

A

Conflicts between local and higher-level actors, as between the state and local communities over top-down interventions.

22
Q

What is a competing goals conflict?

A

Conflicts related to contrasting development goals, such as traditional use versus tourism.

23
Q

What are social inequity conflicts?

A

Conflicts resulting from unequal rights to use resources.

24
Q

What are world view contradictions conflicts?

A

Conflicts arising from conflicting strategies and convictions that pose barriers to effective governance.

25
Q

Why can conflicts be seen as a motor of social change?

A

A conflict can disrupt established governance and fragment society, and it may also connect social units and enable dynamic societal adaptation.

26
Q

Why is involving stakeholders in ecosystem management a good idea? Provide 2 reasons.

A
  1. Involve diverse values
  2. Add legitimacy
  3. Use local knowledge
  4. Better local fit
  5. Ensure autonomy
27
Q

Describe one typical technocratic approach.

A
  • Defining clear property rights
  • Determining what governments and markets should do
28
Q

Name two reasons why top-down management might fail.

A
  1. Local actors might want some autonomy
  2. Not everyone is in favor of PES
  3. There is no one size fits all regulation
29
Q

Describe the main trend in ecosystem management when it comes to actors.

A

Traditionally, management used to be technocratic. Nowadays there is more stakeholder involvement.

30
Q

Name two underlying causes in the category Multi-scale pressures and drivers.

A
  1. Overconsumption
  2. Overexploitation of natural habitats
  3. Population pressure
  4. Climate change
  5. Pollution

Governance Of Ecosystem Services (12 decks)

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