2. Protected Areas

Question 1

Name 2 of the 5 main threats to biodiversity.

Answer 1

1. Land and sea use change
2. Pollution
3. Species overexploitation
4. Climate change
5. Invasive species and disease

Question 2

Name an example of an initiative.

Answer 2

• RSPO
• ASC
• Deep Sea Conservation Coalition

Question 3

Describe the trend observable in biodiversity initiatives.

Answer 3

Tradionally most initiatives were public, whilst nowadays there is a more equal division between public, private and hybrid initiatives.

Question 4

What is a protected area?

Answer 4

A clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.

Question 5

True or false: none of the Aichi targets have been met.

Answer 5

True. We only partially met one conservation target: we met the land cover component but not the ocean subtarget.

Question 6

Why are the quality of management of protected areas sometimes suboptimal? Name 2 reasons.

Answer 6

1. Monitoring is time consuming
2. Conflicting interests
3. Plethora of actors

Question 7

What are the four challenges that limit the effectiveness of protected areas?

Answer 7

Short:

1. Participation
2. Capacity
3. Integration
4. Accountability

Acronym to remember: PICA…
As in: Pica! Pica! (Pikachu)

Long:

1. Lack of stakeholder participation
2. Insufficient organisational capacity to enforce rules
3. Poor integration across social and ecological goals
4. Underdeveloped accountability mechanisms for assessing management procedures

Question 8

True or false: all of the investigated initiatives included sanctions.

Answer 8

False. None had sanctions.

Question 9

Has the total area of protected areas increased over time?

Answer 9

Yes.

Question 10

What is the “whole of society” approach?

Answer 10

The strategy of involving actors beyond the Parties to the CBD.

Question 11

What are ICIs?

Answer 11

International cooperative iniatitives are collaborative institutional arrangements including state, non-state and sub-national actors that operate across national borders, performing governance functions in an attempt to steer society towards a common goal.

Question 12

In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:

Low awareness among stakeholder of benefits of protected areas.

Answer 12

Participation

Question 13

In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:

Contradictory stakeholder interests and perceptions which lead to conflicts.

Answer 13

Participation

Question 14

In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:

Lack of visions and support for protected areas among local governments.

Answer 14

Participation

Question 15

In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:

Insufficient resources such as know-how, funding and staffing.

Answer 15

Capacity.

Question 16

In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:

Ineffective management hindering positive and sustained outcomes for biodiversity conservation.

Answer 16

Capacity.

Question 17

In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:

Weak enforcement leading to inability to reach goals of protected areas.

Answer 17

Capacity.

Question 18

In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:

Limited ecological representation, connectivity and coverage of ecosystem services.

Answer 18

Integration.

Question 19

In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:

Lack of integration of biodiversity with both climate mitigation and adaptation strategies, lack of integration of more biodiversity-friendly practices into production sectors around protected areas, such as forestry, fisheries, and agriculture.

Answer 19

Integration.

Question 20

In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:

Lack of complementing core area-based conservation targets with additional targets on ecological connectivity, ecological restoration, and better spatial planning.

Answer 20

Integration.

Question 21

In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:

Insufficient management or governance procedures such as having clearly defined goals, sufficient compliance and enforcement mechanisms.

Answer 21

Accountability.

Question 22

In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:

Limited availability of data, lack of sufficient monitoring and evaluations of protected areas.

Answer 22

Accountability.

Question 23

In Negazs’ study, what was the most prevalent governance functions of ICIs?

Answer 23

Information & networking

Question 24

In Negazs’ study, what was the most prevalent ecosystem service that ICIs worked on?

Answer 24

Supporting services

Question 25

True or false: financing ICIs are mostly led by private actors.

Answer 25

False. They are mostly led by public, civil society, and civil society-public actors.

Question 26

Which type of stakeholders are generally believed to improve legitimacy and accountability?

Answer 26

Local stakeholders

Question 27

What is the accountability paradox?

Answer 27

A situation in which accountability mechanisms improve but the actual state of biodiversity continues to deteriorate.

Question 28

How can ICIs have a positive indirect effect on participation challenges?

Answer 28

By contributing to a more diverse set of stakeholders and interests.

Question 29

How can ICIs directly address capacity challenges in protected areas?

Answer 29

ICIs mainly perform information sharing and networking functions.

Question 30

How may ICIs directly address challenges related to poor accountability in protected areas?

Answer 30

Most ICIs have internal accountability mechanisms to track progress.