2. Protected Areas Flashcards
Name 2 of the 5 main threats to biodiversity.
- Land and sea use change
- Pollution
- Species overexploitation
- Climate change
- Invasive species and disease
Name an example of an initiative.
- RSPO
- ASC
- Deep Sea Conservation Coalition
Describe the trend observable in biodiversity initiatives.
Tradionally most initiatives were public, whilst nowadays there is a more equal division between public, private and hybrid initiatives.
What is a protected area?
A clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.
True or false: none of the Aichi targets have been met.
True. We only partially met one conservation target: we met the land cover component but not the ocean subtarget.
Why are the quality of management of protected areas sometimes suboptimal? Name 2 reasons.
- Monitoring is time consuming
- Conflicting interests
- Plethora of actors
What are the four challenges that limit the effectiveness of protected areas?
Short:
- Participation
- Capacity
- Integration
- Accountability
Acronym to remember: PICA…
As in: Pica! Pica! (Pikachu)
Long:
- Lack of stakeholder participation
- Insufficient organisational capacity to enforce rules
- Poor integration across social and ecological goals
- Underdeveloped accountability mechanisms for assessing management procedures
True or false: all of the investigated initiatives included sanctions.
False. None had sanctions.
Has the total area of protected areas increased over time?
Yes.
What is the “whole of society” approach?
The strategy of involving actors beyond the Parties to the CBD.
What are ICIs?
International cooperative iniatitives are collaborative institutional arrangements including state, non-state and sub-national actors that operate across national borders, performing governance functions in an attempt to steer society towards a common goal.
In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:
Low awareness among stakeholder of benefits of protected areas.
Participation
In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:
Contradictory stakeholder interests and perceptions which lead to conflicts.
Participation
In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:
Lack of visions and support for protected areas among local governments.
Participation
In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:
Insufficient resources such as know-how, funding and staffing.
Capacity.
In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:
Ineffective management hindering positive and sustained outcomes for biodiversity conservation.
Capacity.
In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:
Weak enforcement leading to inability to reach goals of protected areas.
Capacity.
In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:
Limited ecological representation, connectivity and coverage of ecosystem services.
Integration.
In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:
Lack of integration of biodiversity with both climate mitigation and adaptation strategies, lack of integration of more biodiversity-friendly practices into production sectors around protected areas, such as forestry, fisheries, and agriculture.
Integration.
In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:
Lack of complementing core area-based conservation targets with additional targets on ecological connectivity, ecological restoration, and better spatial planning.
Integration.
In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:
Insufficient management or governance procedures such as having clearly defined goals, sufficient compliance and enforcement mechanisms.
Accountability.
In which of the four challenge categories does the following problem fall:
Limited availability of data, lack of sufficient monitoring and evaluations of protected areas.
Accountability.
In Negazs’ study, what was the most prevalent governance functions of ICIs?
Information & networking
In Negazs’ study, what was the most prevalent ecosystem service that ICIs worked on?
Supporting services
True or false: financing ICIs are mostly led by private actors.
False. They are mostly led by public, civil society, and civil society-public actors.
Which type of stakeholders are generally believed to improve legitimacy and accountability?
Local stakeholders
What is the accountability paradox?
A situation in which accountability mechanisms improve but the actual state of biodiversity continues to deteriorate.
How can ICIs have a positive indirect effect on participation challenges?
By contributing to a more diverse set of stakeholders and interests.
How can ICIs directly address capacity challenges in protected areas?
ICIs mainly perform information sharing and networking functions.
How may ICIs directly address challenges related to poor accountability in protected areas?
Most ICIs have internal accountability mechanisms to track progress.
