5 - Cancer

Question 1

what is another word for tumour?

Answer 1

neoplasms

Question 2

malignant tumor cells can invade blood or _______ vessels and spread to distant sites where they produce secondary tumors; this is called cancer ______

Answer 2

lymphatic vessels, metastasis

Question 3

what are 3 large causes of cancer?

Answer 3

• carcinogenic chemicals
• radiation
• pathogens

Question 4

what is the most common cancer in females?

Answer 4

breast cancer

Question 5

what is the most common cancer in males?

Answer 5

prostate cancer

Question 6

what are most skin cancers called?

Answer 6

carcinomas

Question 7

what is the most rare and deadly type form of skin cancer?

Answer 7

malignant melanoma

Question 8

what are some risk factors for skin cancer?

Answer 8

• fair skin and light eyes
• tendency to develop freckles and burn in the sun
• history of childhood sunburn or intense sun exposure
• family history
• large number of moles

Question 9

melanoma is ___x more likely in light-skinned individuals

Answer 9

20x

Question 10

what are risk factors for breast cancer?

Answer 10

• age
• genetics
• age at onset of menstruation(menarche)

Question 11

if caught early, how likely are patients to survive breast cancer?

Answer 11

> 80%

Question 12

what is breast cancer screening called?

Answer 12

mammogram

Question 13

what is the leading mortal cancer in Canada?

Answer 13

lung cancer

Question 14

why is the survival rate for lung cancer so low?

Answer 14

• no effective screening
• symptoms don’t appear until later stages
• caught too late
• treatment is difficult

Question 15

what is the survival rate for prostate cancer if detected early?

Answer 15

~95%

Question 16

what are risk factors for prostate cancer?

Answer 16

• age
• obesity
• physical inactivity
• history of STI’s
• diets with excess animal fats
• low plant matter

Question 17

common symptom of prostate cancer is?

Answer 17

changes in urinary frequency or flow

Question 18

what are the 2 screening methods for prostate cancer?

Answer 18

1. digital rectal exam

2. prostate-specific antigen test

Question 19

how does colorectal cancer begin?

Answer 19

with polyps which may progress through several stages and become cancerous

Question 20

def: non-cancerous growths in the intestine that can lead to colorectal cancer

Answer 20

polyps

Question 21

what are risk factors for colorectal cancer?

Answer 21

• older age
• male sex
• inflammatory bowel disease
• family history
• obesity
• smoking
• alcohol abuse
• red meats

Question 22

what are some symptoms of colorectal cancer?

Answer 22

• change in bowel movements
• pain/tenderness in abdomen
• blood in feces

Question 23

what is the leading risk factor for cervical cancer?

Answer 23

HPV

Question 24

high risk HPV causes _____ while low risk HPV causes _____

Answer 24

high risk = cancer

low risk = plantar warts and genital warts

Question 25

def: general examinations done on apparently healthy populations to identify those who may potentially have a disease

Answer 25

screening

Question 26

def: done on those who are believed to have a disease, it involves more specific tests to more thoroughly identify the presence of a disease

Answer 26

testing

Question 27

def: removal of tissue that is suspected to be diseased for further examination

Answer 27

biopsy

Question 28

what are the 6 types of cancer treatment?

Answer 28

1. surgical removal
2. chemotherapy
3. radiation therapy
4. immunotherapy
5. gene therapy
6. hormone therapy

Question 29

why does chemotherapy make hair fall out?

Answer 29

the drugs not only target cancer cells but also normal body cells that tend to divide more often, like hair follicles and lining of digestive tract

Question 30

what are two negative side effects of radiation therapy?

Answer 30

1. can also kill healthy cells

2. radiation damages DNA

Question 31

how does immunotherapy work?

Answer 31

• stimulates immune system with drugs

- gives immune system components

Question 32

how does gene therapy work?

Answer 32

• modify the genetic material of cancer cells
• modifying genetic material of immune cells
• use of altered viruses to deliver material

Question 33

what fraction of cancers are preventable?

Answer 33

half