3 - Infectious Disease & Sexually Transmitted Infections

Question 1

what is infection by a bacteria, virus, fungi or protozoan followed by?

Answer 1

latent period

Question 2

def: the time between infection and the development of symptoms/signs, can vary from few hours to many years

Answer 2

latent period

Question 3

def:

• are virtually everywhere
• cause harm by releasing enzymes or toxins
• infections can be local or systemic
• killed by antibiotics

Answer 3

bacteria

Question 4

def:

• acellular pathogens that invade living cells
• can’t survive without a host
• either kill the host or alter its function
• antiviral drugs typically reduce the severity or duration of infections

Answer 4

viruses

Question 5

def:
- yeasts, mold, mushrooms
- absorb nutrients from host, causing damage
- release enzymes

Answer 5

fungi

Question 6

def:
- single-celled organisms
- release enzymes or toxins that destroy cells

Answer 6

protozoan

Question 7

def:

• attack tissues or organs and compete with host for nutrients
• some enter from burrowing through the skin while others via uncooked food
• adult worms can be metres long

Answer 7

parasitic worms

Question 8

what are 4 ways you can catch an infection?

Answer 8

• people
• food
• water
• animals & insects

Question 9

what are the components of the first line of defense?

Answer 9

• skin
• cilia
• mucus
• elevated body temperature
• cough, tears, saliva

Question 10

what are the components of the second line of defense?

Answer 10

• machrophages
• T cells
• B cells

Question 11

what are the 3 types of specialized cells?

Answer 11

1. macrophages
2. T cells
3. B cells

Question 12

def: surround and digest foreign matter, aid immunity by engulfing antibody-bound pathogens

Answer 12

macrophages

Question 13

def: fight parasites, fungi, cancer cells, infected cells. thousands of these work together to kill pathogens

Answer 13

T-cells

Question 14

def: made by B cells, are proteins that stick to specific antigens on pathogens

Answer 14

antibodies

Question 15

what is the name of the response done by antibodies?

Answer 15

humoral response

Question 16

what do antibodies do to the pathogens?

Answer 16

coat pathogens and don’t let them infect new cells and make them easier to get eaten by macrophages

Question 17

what are the 6 links in the chain of infection?

Answer 17

1. pathogen
2. reservoir
3. portal of exit
4. means of transmission
5. portal of entry
6. new host

Question 18

def: small quantity of inactive pathogen injected to create memory cells

Answer 18

vaccination

Question 19

what are memory cells made of?

Answer 19

B- and T- cells

Question 20

what are the 2 main common cold viruses?

Answer 20

• rhinovirus

- coronavirus

Question 21

how is the common cold spread?

Answer 21

coughs, sneezes, direct, indirect contact

Question 22

what is the best cure for the common cold?

Answer 22

your immune system

Question 23

what is the flu virus called?

Answer 23

influenza

Question 24

what do hepatitis A-G do?

Answer 24

cause inflammation of the liver

Question 25

what are 4 symptoms of meningitis?

Answer 25

- high fever - headaches - fatigue - aching joints - nausea - vomiting - diarrhea - jaundice`

Question 26

how is Hep A/E transmitted?

Answer 26

contaminated water

Question 27

how is Hep B/C/D transmitted?

Answer 27

sexual contact

Question 28

which Hep's have vaccines in Canada?

Answer 28

A/B

Question 29

what are the two types of meningitis?

Answer 29

viral or bacterial

Question 30

what is meningitis?

Answer 30

infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and the spinal cord

Question 31

what are 4 symptoms of meningitis?

Answer 31

- fever - drowsiness - confusion - severe headache - stiff neck - nausea - vomiting

Question 32

viral meningitis usually _________, bacterial requires ________

Answer 32

viral meningitis usually clears up on its own, bacterial requires antibiotics immediately

Question 33

what causes trichiomoniasis?

Answer 33

protozoan

Question 34

what are the symptoms of trichomoniasis?

Answer 34

- itching - burning - discharge

Question 35

what causes candidiasis in females?

Answer 35

- yeast infection | - fungi

Question 36

what are the symptoms for candidiasis in females?

Answer 36

- itching - burning - discharge

Question 37

what causes bacterial vaginosis?

Answer 37

bacteria

Question 38

what are the symptoms of bacterial vaginosis?

Answer 38

- white-grey discharge | - strong odour

Question 39

what causes candidiasis in males?

Answer 39

fungi

Question 40

what are the symptoms for candidiasis in males?

Answer 40

- redness - irritation - pain during urination or intercourse - discharge

Question 41

def: the swelling of one or two of the testicles

Answer 41

orchitis

Question 42

def: swelling or pain in the back of the testicle in the epididymis

Answer 42

epididymitis

Question 43

what causes urinary tract infections?

Answer 43

bacteria

Question 44

what are the symptoms of urinary tract infections?

Answer 44

- burning sensation while peeing - chills - fever - fatigue - blood in urine

Question 45

T or F: infections of the urethra are easier to treat

Answer 45

true

Question 46

what are 4 ways to support your immune system?

Answer 46

1. wash your hands 2. don't share food and drinks 3. limit number of intimate/ sexual partners 4. don't smoke

Question 47

how can you prevent antibiotic resistance?

Answer 47

- let your immune system do its job - don't use leftover antibiotics - don't share antibiotics - avoid antibiotic soap or cleansers

Question 48

what is the most common bacterial STI in Canada?

Answer 48

chlamydia

Question 49

what can chlamydia eventually lead to?

Answer 49

- pelvic inflammatory disease - disrupted menstruation - pelvic pain - nausea/vomiting - vaginal discharge - burning during urination

Question 50

what are the male gonorrhea symptoms?

Answer 50

- cloudy penile discharge | - burning while urinating

Question 51

what are the female gonorrhea symptoms?

Answer 51

- green/yellowish discharge | - PID

Question 52

what are the 3 stages of syphilis?

Answer 52

1. days - sore, ulcer(chancre) at site of infection, usually painless at site of infection 2. months - rash over the body, hands and feet 3. years to decades - bacteria invade the nervous system; neurological effects, mental disturbance, heart failure, blindness, death

Question 53

how is chlamydia treated?

Answer 53

antibiotics, usually one dose

Question 54

if left untreated, chlamydia can affect pregnancy how?

Answer 54

- ectopic pregnancy | - sterility in females and males

Question 55

T or F: chlamydia cannot be passed from mother to infant

Answer 55

false

Question 56

how can you prevent chlamydia?

Answer 56

condom use

Question 57

what age range sees the highest rate of chlamydia infection?

Answer 57

15-29

Question 58

what can gonorrhea cause in males?

Answer 58

- inflammation in the urethra, prostate, epididymis

Question 59

what is the most common viral STI in North America?

Answer 59

human papilloma virus

Question 60

what are the two types of Herpes Simplex virus?

Answer 60

``` HSV1 = mouth HSV2 = genitals ```

Question 61

what does HIV do?

Answer 61

attacks the immune cells, T-Cells

Question 62

what does HPV cause?

Answer 62

- genital warts - common warts - genital cancers

Question 63

what can cause HSV outbreaks?

Answer 63

- stress - illness - fatigue - sun exposure - intercourse - menstruation

Question 64

is there a cure for herpes?

Answer 64

no

Question 65

how is HIV spead?

Answer 65

- unprotected sex - frequent and various sexual partners - injection-drug users with contaminated needles - infected mother to fetus

Question 66

why does the immune systems response not kill HIV?

Answer 66

- HIV hides in immune cells and kills them - replicates too fast for immune system - mutates and avoids elimination

Question 67

how does HIV testing work?

Answer 67

you get tested for antibodies

Question 68

what is the main treatment for HIV?

Answer 68

- highly active antiretroviral therapy | - combo of 3 different drugs that target the life cycle