4E - Body Systems Flashcards
Circulatory system
three circulatory pathways through the body
pulmonary, systematic, coronary
main functions of the circulatory system
- transport
of gases from the pulmonary system, nutrients from digestive system, waters from excretory system
-regulation
of body temp and hormone transport
-immune functions
in conjunction with the lymphatic system
major components of circulatory system
heart
blood
vessels
-arteries
-veins
-capillaries
veins vs arteries vs capillaries
Arteries carry blood away from your heart. Veins carry blood back toward your heart. Capillaries, the smallest blood vessels, connect arteries and veins
Cardiac muscle features
-single nucleus
- striated and branched
-involuntary
-intercalated discs
Intercalated disc
complex structire/cell junctions that connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells. coordinates contraction of the heart (heart beat)
superior vena cana
carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body (head, arms, chest) to the right atrium of the heart.
inferior vena cana
carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body (legs, abdomen, pelvis) to the right atrium of the heart.
right pulmonary arteries vs left pulmonary arteries
right pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lung.
Left pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body
left vs right pulmonary veins
The right pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the right lung to the left atrium.
The left pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the left lung to the left atrium.
right vs left atrium
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it to the right ventricle.
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the left ventricle.
left vs right ventricle
The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
pulmonary trunk
The pulmonary trunk carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. It splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries.
aorta
The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.
semilunar vs atrioventicular valves
AV valves: Between atria and ventricles. Prevent backflow.
Semilunar valves: At ventricle exits. Prevent backflow.
septum
wall of tissue that divides the left and right sides of the heart.
1. Interatrial Septum: Divides the left atrium and right atrium.
- Interventricular Septum: Divides the left ventricle and right ventricle.
keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing between the heart’s chambers.
apex
-lower tip of the heart, which points downward and to the left.
-at the bottom of the heart and is formed by the left ventricle.
-heartbeat can be felt most strongly and is the area where doctors often listen for heart sounds with a stethoscope.
bloodflow
Right atrium → Right ventricle → lungs (get oxygen).
Left atrium → Left ventricle → body (delivers oxygen).
Why do veins and the heart have valves?
to prevent backflow
SA node.
- right atrium
- determines heart beat/rate
- collection of specialized cells able to generate electrical impulses to the left and right atria so that it contracts, pushing its blood to the ventricle
AV node
-between atria and ventricle
-conduct electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles, controlling the heart rate. It also acts as a backup pacemaker if the SA node fails.
bundle of His
carries electrical signals from the atrioventricular (AV) node to the ventricles of the heart by path of septum and the ventricle contracts and pushes its blood to the arteries
What is Pericardium
the membrane that the heart os encased with.
fluid filled sac to reduce friction
what makes the sound of your heart beat?
lub - recoil of blood against a closed AV valve
dub - recoil of blood against closed semilunar valves
what order do ur heartrate beat
left and righ atria contract
then left and right ventricle contract
P wave
-atria contracts pushing blood to ventricle
-AV valve open
-semilunar valves close
QRS Wave
-ventricle contract pushing blood to aorta and pulmonary arteries
AV valves closed
-semilunar valves open
T wave
-ventricles relax
-AV valve closes
-semilunar valves open
what the hell is the coronary pathway
basically supplying/feeding oxygenated blood to the heart muscle because the heart needs blood to run too 😱
tricuspid valve (R) and mitral/biscupid valve (L)
atrioventicular valve pretty much. biologists like to be difficult and name things that already have a broader more recognizeable
whats blood pressure
pressure exerted against blood vessel walls as circulating blood passes thru them
systolic vs diastolic pressure
systolic is max amnt of blood pressure exerted when the ventricle is contracted
diastolic is the lowest bp exerted before ventricular contraction
cardiac output (CO)
how much oxygenated blood is delivered tp the body. its affected by heart rate and stroke volume
HR X SV
heart rate (HR)
bpm
stroke volume (SV)
amount of blood forced out of heart with one heartbeat
ateriosclerosis
thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries
atherosclerosis
also thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery
centrifuge
machine that spins blood to seperate it into parts
plasma - 55%
wbc’s (leukolytes) and platelets - 1%
RBC’s (ethrocytes) - 44%
whats plasma
fluid part of blood with dissolved gases, proteins, sugars etc
CARRIES CO2 IN FORM OF BICARBONATE IONS
WHERE DO ALL STUFF IN UR BLOOD COME FROM?????
BONE MARROW
REDBLOOD CELLS
carry majority of ur oxygen inside they have a lot of room because they have no nucleus and spit out all their organelles when they mature. this is to make room so the hemoglobin molecules bond to o2 YURRRR ALSO the iron in the hemoglobin make ur blood red.
what anemia
when too few rbc;s OR TOO LITTLE HEMOglobins inside RBCs. reduces oxygen flow in the body, can cause by lack of iron. can cause fatigue and shortness of breath
how is oxygen carried
99% of it is carried on hemoglobin molecules inside rbcs
how is CO2 carried RANKED
converted into bicarbonate and found in plasma
bound to plasma proteins
dissolved directly into the blood volume
three groupsof WBC’s?
granulocytes, monocytes (can form macrophages), and lymphocytes
what is wbcs important for
immune functions
macrophages
type of monocytes
capable of phagocytosis eat invading bacteria and destroy it with their lyzozomes
wahts a platelet
cell fragments made in the bone marrow, don’t have a nucleus, involved in clumping and clotting the blood after injury
blood clotting
Platelets form a plug, and fibrin creates a mesh around them to make the clot stronger.
hypertension
high blood pressure in arteries consistently
why is salt so bad for you
it draw h20 into the blood volume, increasing it
lymphatic system functions
filtration, host defence, transport
tonsils
lymph nodes in the back of the mouth and top of the throat. They help to filter out bacteria and other germs to prevent infection in the body
lymph nodes
Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that filter harmful substances from lymph fluid and house immune cells to fight infections.
lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic vessels are tubes that carry lymph fluid (which contains waste, immune cells, and nutrients) throughout your body, helping to fight infections and maintain fluid balance.
thymus
The thymus is a small organ in your chest where T-cells, a type of immune cell, mature and learn to fight infections.
spleen
The spleen is an organ in your abdomen that filters blood, removes old or damaged red blood cells, and helps fight infections by producing immune cells.
b cells
B cells are immune cells that make antibodies to fight infections and remember germs for faster responses in the future.
t cells
T cells are immune cells that help protect the body by killing infected cells and coordinating the immune response.
diff between b and t cells?
B cells produce antibodies that target and neutralize specific germs or viruses.
T cells don’t make antibodies. Instead, they directly attack infected cells or help control the immune response.
first line of defence
these are external barriers like skin,mucous membranes and stomCH. HAIR, NOSE , EARS
second line of defence
noon specific defence mechanisms so inflammation, fevers, white blood cells (lymphocytes and macrophages_ BROAD RANGE OF PATHOGENS
third line of defence
the immune system. so defeats or targets specific pathogens, remembers the pathogen for future, protects by producing antibodies to specific antigens
diff between an antigen and antibody?
Antigen: Attaches onto a foreign substance (like a virus, bacteria, or toxin) that triggers an immune response. It’s something your body recognizes as “not you.”
Antibody: A protein produced by B cells that binds to specific antigens. Antibodies help neutralize or mark antigens for destruction by other immune cells
whats an antigen
anything that causes an immune response
helper t cell
A helper T cell activates other immune cells to help fight infections.
killer (cytotoxic) t cell
A killer (cytotoxic) T cell directly attacks and destroys infected or cancerous cells.
supressor t cell
helps regulate the immune response by stopping it when it’s no longer needed, preventing overactivity or autoimmune reactions
memory t cell
remembers past infections and quickly responds if the same pathogen invades again
how do body recognize evil thing WITH MACROPHAGE
First, the macrophage phagocytizes (eats) the pathogen and breaks it down. It then presents pieces of the pathogen (antigens) on its surface. This alerts T cells, which can then activate and start attacking infected cells
