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20 Biology > 4E - Body Systems > Flashcards

4E - Body Systems Flashcards

Circulatory system

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1
Q

three circulatory pathways through the body

A

pulmonary, systematic, coronary

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2
Q

main functions of the circulatory system

A
  • transport
    of gases from the pulmonary system, nutrients from digestive system, waters from excretory system

-regulation
of body temp and hormone transport

-immune functions
in conjunction with the lymphatic system

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3
Q

major components of circulatory system

A

heart
blood
vessels
-arteries
-veins
-capillaries

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4
Q

veins vs arteries vs capillaries

A

Arteries carry blood away from your heart. Veins carry blood back toward your heart. Capillaries, the smallest blood vessels, connect arteries and veins

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5
Q

Cardiac muscle features

A

-single nucleus
- striated and branched
-involuntary
-intercalated discs

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6
Q

Intercalated disc

A

complex structire/cell junctions that connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells. coordinates contraction of the heart (heart beat)

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7
Q

superior vena cana

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body (head, arms, chest) to the right atrium of the heart.

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8
Q

inferior vena cana

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body (legs, abdomen, pelvis) to the right atrium of the heart.

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9
Q

right pulmonary arteries vs left pulmonary arteries

A

right pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lung.

Left pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

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10
Q

left vs right pulmonary veins

A

The right pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the right lung to the left atrium.
The left pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the left lung to the left atrium.

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11
Q

right vs left atrium

A

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it to the right ventricle.
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the left ventricle.

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12
Q

left vs right ventricle

A

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

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13
Q

pulmonary trunk

A

The pulmonary trunk carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. It splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries.

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14
Q

aorta

A

The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.

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15
Q

semilunar vs atrioventicular valves

A

AV valves: Between atria and ventricles. Prevent backflow.
Semilunar valves: At ventricle exits. Prevent backflow.

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16
Q

septum

A

wall of tissue that divides the left and right sides of the heart.
1. Interatrial Septum: Divides the left atrium and right atrium.

  1. Interventricular Septum: Divides the left ventricle and right ventricle.

keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing between the heart’s chambers.

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17
Q

apex

A

-lower tip of the heart, which points downward and to the left.
-at the bottom of the heart and is formed by the left ventricle.
-heartbeat can be felt most strongly and is the area where doctors often listen for heart sounds with a stethoscope.

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18
Q

bloodflow

A

Right atrium → Right ventricle → lungs (get oxygen).
Left atrium → Left ventricle → body (delivers oxygen).

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19
Q

Why do veins and the heart have valves?

A

to prevent backflow

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20
Q

SA node.

A
  • right atrium
  • determines heart beat/rate
  • collection of specialized cells able to generate electrical impulses to the left and right atria so that it contracts, pushing its blood to the ventricle
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21
Q

AV node

A

-between atria and ventricle
-conduct electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles, controlling the heart rate. It also acts as a backup pacemaker if the SA node fails.

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22
Q

bundle of His

A

carries electrical signals from the atrioventricular (AV) node to the ventricles of the heart by path of septum and the ventricle contracts and pushes its blood to the arteries

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23
Q

What is Pericardium

A

the membrane that the heart os encased with.
fluid filled sac to reduce friction

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24
Q

what makes the sound of your heart beat?

A

lub - recoil of blood against a closed AV valve

dub - recoil of blood against closed semilunar valves

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25
Q

what order do ur heartrate beat

A

left and righ atria contract
then left and right ventricle contract

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26
Q

P wave

A

-atria contracts pushing blood to ventricle
-AV valve open
-semilunar valves close

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27
Q

QRS Wave

A

-ventricle contract pushing blood to aorta and pulmonary arteries
AV valves closed
-semilunar valves open

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28
Q

T wave

A

-ventricles relax
-AV valve closes
-semilunar valves open

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29
Q

what the hell is the coronary pathway

A

basically supplying/feeding oxygenated blood to the heart muscle because the heart needs blood to run too 😱

30
Q

tricuspid valve (R) and mitral/biscupid valve (L)

A

atrioventicular valve pretty much. biologists like to be difficult and name things that already have a broader more recognizeable

31
Q

whats blood pressure

A

pressure exerted against blood vessel walls as circulating blood passes thru them

32
Q

systolic vs diastolic pressure

A

systolic is max amnt of blood pressure exerted when the ventricle is contracted

diastolic is the lowest bp exerted before ventricular contraction

33
Q

cardiac output (CO)

A

how much oxygenated blood is delivered tp the body. its affected by heart rate and stroke volume

HR X SV

34
Q

heart rate (HR)

A

bpm

35
Q

stroke volume (SV)

A

amount of blood forced out of heart with one heartbeat

36
Q

ateriosclerosis

A

thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries

37
Q

atherosclerosis

A

also thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery

38
Q

centrifuge

A

machine that spins blood to seperate it into parts

plasma - 55%
wbc’s (leukolytes) and platelets - 1%
RBC’s (ethrocytes) - 44%

39
Q

whats plasma

A

fluid part of blood with dissolved gases, proteins, sugars etc

CARRIES CO2 IN FORM OF BICARBONATE IONS

40
Q

WHERE DO ALL STUFF IN UR BLOOD COME FROM?????

A

BONE MARROW

41
Q

REDBLOOD CELLS

A

carry majority of ur oxygen inside they have a lot of room because they have no nucleus and spit out all their organelles when they mature. this is to make room so the hemoglobin molecules bond to o2 YURRRR ALSO the iron in the hemoglobin make ur blood red.

42
Q

what anemia

A

when too few rbc;s OR TOO LITTLE HEMOglobins inside RBCs. reduces oxygen flow in the body, can cause by lack of iron. can cause fatigue and shortness of breath

43
Q

how is oxygen carried

A

99% of it is carried on hemoglobin molecules inside rbcs

44
Q

how is CO2 carried RANKED

A

converted into bicarbonate and found in plasma

bound to plasma proteins

dissolved directly into the blood volume

45
Q

three groupsof WBC’s?

A

granulocytes, monocytes (can form macrophages), and lymphocytes

46
Q

what is wbcs important for

A

immune functions

47
Q

macrophages

A

type of monocytes
capable of phagocytosis eat invading bacteria and destroy it with their lyzozomes

48
Q

wahts a platelet

A

cell fragments made in the bone marrow, don’t have a nucleus, involved in clumping and clotting the blood after injury

49
Q

blood clotting

A

Platelets form a plug, and fibrin creates a mesh around them to make the clot stronger.

50
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure in arteries consistently

51
Q

why is salt so bad for you

A

it draw h20 into the blood volume, increasing it

52
Q

lymphatic system functions

A

filtration, host defence, transport

53
Q

tonsils

A

lymph nodes in the back of the mouth and top of the throat. They help to filter out bacteria and other germs to prevent infection in the body

54
Q

lymph nodes

A

Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that filter harmful substances from lymph fluid and house immune cells to fight infections.

55
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

Lymphatic vessels are tubes that carry lymph fluid (which contains waste, immune cells, and nutrients) throughout your body, helping to fight infections and maintain fluid balance.

56
Q

thymus

A

The thymus is a small organ in your chest where T-cells, a type of immune cell, mature and learn to fight infections.

57
Q

spleen

A

The spleen is an organ in your abdomen that filters blood, removes old or damaged red blood cells, and helps fight infections by producing immune cells.

58
Q

b cells

A

B cells are immune cells that make antibodies to fight infections and remember germs for faster responses in the future.

59
Q

t cells

A

T cells are immune cells that help protect the body by killing infected cells and coordinating the immune response.

60
Q

diff between b and t cells?

A

B cells produce antibodies that target and neutralize specific germs or viruses.
T cells don’t make antibodies. Instead, they directly attack infected cells or help control the immune response.

61
Q

first line of defence

A

these are external barriers like skin,mucous membranes and stomCH. HAIR, NOSE , EARS

62
Q

second line of defence

A

noon specific defence mechanisms so inflammation, fevers, white blood cells (lymphocytes and macrophages_ BROAD RANGE OF PATHOGENS

63
Q

third line of defence

A

the immune system. so defeats or targets specific pathogens, remembers the pathogen for future, protects by producing antibodies to specific antigens

64
Q

diff between an antigen and antibody?

A

Antigen: Attaches onto a foreign substance (like a virus, bacteria, or toxin) that triggers an immune response. It’s something your body recognizes as “not you.”

Antibody: A protein produced by B cells that binds to specific antigens. Antibodies help neutralize or mark antigens for destruction by other immune cells

65
Q

whats an antigen

A

anything that causes an immune response

66
Q

helper t cell

A

A helper T cell activates other immune cells to help fight infections.

67
Q

killer (cytotoxic) t cell

A

A killer (cytotoxic) T cell directly attacks and destroys infected or cancerous cells.

68
Q

supressor t cell

A

helps regulate the immune response by stopping it when it’s no longer needed, preventing overactivity or autoimmune reactions

69
Q

memory t cell

A

remembers past infections and quickly responds if the same pathogen invades again

70
Q

how do body recognize evil thing WITH MACROPHAGE

A

First, the macrophage phagocytizes (eats) the pathogen and breaks it down. It then presents pieces of the pathogen (antigens) on its surface. This alerts T cells, which can then activate and start attacking infected cells

20 Biology (12 decks)

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