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20 Biology > 4B - Body Systems > Flashcards

4B - Body Systems Flashcards

Macromolecules

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1
Q

Dehydration Synthase

A

A process where water is removed to bring two monomers/small molecules together using a covalent bond

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2
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A process where water is added to break apart the covalent bond holding together two monomers

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3
Q

What is a monomer?

A

atoms or small molecules that can bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers.

There are four main monomer types: monosaccharides, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids, and nucleotides.

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4
Q

What is a Polymer?

A

large molecules made by bonding (chemically linking) a series of building blocks

Examples are dia/polysaccharides, polypeptides, triglycerides/fats/steroids/phospholipids, DNA and RNA

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5
Q

What is a proteins monomer called?

A

Amino acid

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6
Q

What polymers are built from amino acids?

A

Polypeptides

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7
Q

Which components/groups make up an amino acid + what are the formulas?

A

Amino group (NH2)

Carboxyl group (COOH)

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8
Q

How does a protein go through dehydration synthase?

A

Basically: amino acids (monomers) are assembled into proteins (the polymer) by removing water

A hydroxide from a carboxyl group and a hydrogen from the neighboring amino acid will be removed by an enzyme to form water, these two amino acids will bond together using a peptide bond

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9
Q

How does a protein go through hydrolysis?

A

Basically: proteins (the polymer) are disassembled into amino acids (monomers) by adding water

The bonded amino acids will break apart as H2O is put back into the equation because they’ll reattach where they were before, eliminating the peptide bond, meaning they’ll break apart into their separate amino acids

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10
Q

conformational shape change

A

a change in the shape of a macromolecule, usually enzymes as they bind their substrate.

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11
Q

Substrate

A

a compound/molecule that an enzyme can either breakdown or put together

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12
Q

Can an enzyme bond to any substrate?

A

No, they can only bind to a specific substrate for a specific reason “lock and key”

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13
Q

where do the substrates bond to the enzyme?

A

the enzymes active site

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14
Q

What are optimal conditions?

A

The conditions under which a particular enzyme is most active

ex: pH, temperature

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15
Q

how many polypeptides must a protein consist of to BE a protein

A

2 or more polypeptides

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16
Q

What is the bond that holds the polymer of a protein called

A

A peptide bond

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17
Q

What happens when you change the shape of a protein?

A

You change its function.

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18
Q

What is the loss of a protein’s native structure?

A

Denaturation

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19
Q

A denatured protein is biologically ___ or ____

A

Inactive or non-functional

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20
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein

A

a protein in its unique set of amino acids

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21
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein

A

a protein consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain

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22
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein

A

determined by interactions among various side chains (r groups)

23
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein

A

results when a protein consists of multiple peptide chains

24
Q

What level of protein structure is sickle-cell disease?

A

Primary

In sickle cell disease, the mutation occurs at this level, where the sixth amino acid in the beta chain of hemoglobin is changed from glutamic acid to valine.

25
Q

Symptoms of sickle cell disease?

A

intense fatigue

anemic

26
Q

What is the reverse of denaturation

A

renaturation

a protein is brought back to its optimal conditions, might work but might not

27
Q

Metabolism

A

all chemical reactions taking place in each cell

28
Q

Catabolic metabolism

A

breaking down complex molecules into smaller ones and releasing energy

ex: hydrolysis
-> proteins to amino acids

29
Q

Anabolic metabolism

A

build larger more complex molecules from their smaller subunits this requires energy

ex: dehydration synthase
-> amino acids to proteins

30
Q

What is glycogen

A

Energy Storage in Animals

What it is: A carbohydrate similar to starch but more branched.

Function: Stores energy in animals. When animals (including humans) eat and have extra glucose, it gets stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. It can be quickly broken down when energy is needed.

31
Q

what is starch/amylose

A

Energy Storage in Plants

What it is: A carbohydrate made of glucose units linked together

Function: Starch stores energy in plants. Plants use starch to store glucose, which they break down for energy later.

32
Q

what is cellulose

A

Structural Support in Plants

What it is: A carbohydrate is also made of glucose, but the bonds between glucose units are different from starch.
Function: Provides structure and support in plant cell walls. Think of it as the “skeleton” of the plant.

33
Q

What is amylase and what does it break down

A

is a type of enzyme that digests starch or more specifically amylose

34
Q

where and what is chitin

A

another sturctural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi

35
Q

Characteristics of a lipid

A

dont have true polymers or monomers

hydrophobic

consist of hydrocarbons that form nonpolar covalent bonds

most important lipids are fats, steroids and phospholipids

36
Q

why dont lipids have polymers and monomers

A

Lipids are not polymers because they are built from a combination of different molecules (like glycerol and fatty acids)

37
Q

Characteristics of fats

A

-lipid

-made of glycerol and fatty acids which are bonded by ester linkages/bonds

-glyerol is a 3 carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group connected to each

-fatty acids are carboxyl group attached to long carbon skeleton

38
Q

Saturated fats

A

max number of hydrogens and no double bonds they’re packed very tightly

solid at room temp

ex: animal fat

39
Q

unsaturated fats

A

have one or more double bonds creating kinks and they are not tightly packed

liquid at room temp

oLIVE OIL

40
Q

Why is a unsaturated fat better for you than a saturated fat

A

because lipases can get in between the kinks created by double bonds and can break up the fat more easily while in a saturated fat, its packed tightly with all single bonds and the lipase cannot get between them and break em down

41
Q

lipase

A

an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the ester bonds in triglycerides

42
Q

how can u tell something is a nucleotide?

A

if it has 5 carbon

43
Q

monosaccharides

A

the monomers of carbohydrates

simple sugars like glucose and fructose

they build disaccharides and polysaccharides

44
Q

disaccharides

A

a polymer of carbohydrates

built from 2 monosaccharides

sucrose (table sugar) is made up of glucose and fructose

45
Q

polysaccharides

A

another polymer of carbohydrates

built from more than 2 monosaccharides

glygogen, cellulose, starch

46
Q

what bonds a disaccharide or a polysaccharide

A

A GLYCOSIDIC BOND

47
Q

what bonds fatty tails and glycerol

A

ester linkages/bonds

48
Q

what is adipose?

A

another word for fat

49
Q

phospholipids

A

a lipid where two fatty acids and a PHOSPHATE group are attached to one glycerol

fatty acid tails are hydrophobic while the heads are hydrophilic

50
Q

Steroids

A

categorized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

51
Q

cholesterol

A

a type of steroid that is a component in animal cell membranes and a forerunner from which other steroids are synthesized

a high level of cholesterol in the blood may contribute ti cardiovascular disease

52
Q

vitamins can be examples of

A

coenzymes

53
Q

competetive inhibitors

A

attach to active site and block a substrate from binding to the enzyme :(

54
Q

non-competetive inhibitors

A

attach to allosteric site (not the active site) on the enzyme, near the bottom and it alters the shape of the binding site, making the substrate unable to bind to the enzyme.

20 Biology (12 decks)

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