4B - Body Systems Flashcards
Macromolecules
Dehydration Synthase
A process where water is removed to bring two monomers/small molecules together using a covalent bond
Hydrolysis
A process where water is added to break apart the covalent bond holding together two monomers
What is a monomer?
atoms or small molecules that can bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers.
There are four main monomer types: monosaccharides, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids, and nucleotides.
What is a Polymer?
large molecules made by bonding (chemically linking) a series of building blocks
Examples are dia/polysaccharides, polypeptides, triglycerides/fats/steroids/phospholipids, DNA and RNA
What is a proteins monomer called?
Amino acid
What polymers are built from amino acids?
Polypeptides
Which components/groups make up an amino acid + what are the formulas?
Amino group (NH2)
Carboxyl group (COOH)
How does a protein go through dehydration synthase?
Basically: amino acids (monomers) are assembled into proteins (the polymer) by removing water
A hydroxide from a carboxyl group and a hydrogen from the neighboring amino acid will be removed by an enzyme to form water, these two amino acids will bond together using a peptide bond
How does a protein go through hydrolysis?
Basically: proteins (the polymer) are disassembled into amino acids (monomers) by adding water
The bonded amino acids will break apart as H2O is put back into the equation because they’ll reattach where they were before, eliminating the peptide bond, meaning they’ll break apart into their separate amino acids
conformational shape change
a change in the shape of a macromolecule, usually enzymes as they bind their substrate.
Substrate
a compound/molecule that an enzyme can either breakdown or put together
Can an enzyme bond to any substrate?
No, they can only bind to a specific substrate for a specific reason “lock and key”
where do the substrates bond to the enzyme?
the enzymes active site
What are optimal conditions?
The conditions under which a particular enzyme is most active
ex: pH, temperature
how many polypeptides must a protein consist of to BE a protein
2 or more polypeptides
What is the bond that holds the polymer of a protein called
A peptide bond
What happens when you change the shape of a protein?
You change its function.
What is the loss of a protein’s native structure?
Denaturation
A denatured protein is biologically ___ or ____
Inactive or non-functional
What is the primary structure of a protein
a protein in its unique set of amino acids
What is the secondary structure of a protein
a protein consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain
What is the tertiary structure of a protein
determined by interactions among various side chains (r groups)
What is the quaternary structure of a protein
results when a protein consists of multiple peptide chains
What level of protein structure is sickle-cell disease?
Primary
In sickle cell disease, the mutation occurs at this level, where the sixth amino acid in the beta chain of hemoglobin is changed from glutamic acid to valine.
Symptoms of sickle cell disease?
intense fatigue
anemic
What is the reverse of denaturation
renaturation
a protein is brought back to its optimal conditions, might work but might not
Metabolism
all chemical reactions taking place in each cell
Catabolic metabolism
breaking down complex molecules into smaller ones and releasing energy
ex: hydrolysis
-> proteins to amino acids
Anabolic metabolism
build larger more complex molecules from their smaller subunits this requires energy
ex: dehydration synthase
-> amino acids to proteins
What is glycogen
Energy Storage in Animals
What it is: A carbohydrate similar to starch but more branched.
Function: Stores energy in animals. When animals (including humans) eat and have extra glucose, it gets stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. It can be quickly broken down when energy is needed.
what is starch/amylose
Energy Storage in Plants
What it is: A carbohydrate made of glucose units linked together
Function: Starch stores energy in plants. Plants use starch to store glucose, which they break down for energy later.
what is cellulose
Structural Support in Plants
What it is: A carbohydrate is also made of glucose, but the bonds between glucose units are different from starch.
Function: Provides structure and support in plant cell walls. Think of it as the “skeleton” of the plant.
What is amylase and what does it break down
is a type of enzyme that digests starch or more specifically amylose
where and what is chitin
another sturctural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi
Characteristics of a lipid
dont have true polymers or monomers
hydrophobic
consist of hydrocarbons that form nonpolar covalent bonds
most important lipids are fats, steroids and phospholipids
why dont lipids have polymers and monomers
Lipids are not polymers because they are built from a combination of different molecules (like glycerol and fatty acids)
Characteristics of fats
-lipid
-made of glycerol and fatty acids which are bonded by ester linkages/bonds
-glyerol is a 3 carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group connected to each
-fatty acids are carboxyl group attached to long carbon skeleton
Saturated fats
max number of hydrogens and no double bonds they’re packed very tightly
solid at room temp
ex: animal fat
unsaturated fats
have one or more double bonds creating kinks and they are not tightly packed
liquid at room temp
oLIVE OIL
Why is a unsaturated fat better for you than a saturated fat
because lipases can get in between the kinks created by double bonds and can break up the fat more easily while in a saturated fat, its packed tightly with all single bonds and the lipase cannot get between them and break em down
lipase
an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the ester bonds in triglycerides
how can u tell something is a nucleotide?
if it has 5 carbon
monosaccharides
the monomers of carbohydrates
simple sugars like glucose and fructose
they build disaccharides and polysaccharides
disaccharides
a polymer of carbohydrates
built from 2 monosaccharides
sucrose (table sugar) is made up of glucose and fructose
polysaccharides
another polymer of carbohydrates
built from more than 2 monosaccharides
glygogen, cellulose, starch
what bonds a disaccharide or a polysaccharide
A GLYCOSIDIC BOND
what bonds fatty tails and glycerol
ester linkages/bonds
what is adipose?
another word for fat
phospholipids
a lipid where two fatty acids and a PHOSPHATE group are attached to one glycerol
fatty acid tails are hydrophobic while the heads are hydrophilic
Steroids
categorized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
cholesterol
a type of steroid that is a component in animal cell membranes and a forerunner from which other steroids are synthesized
a high level of cholesterol in the blood may contribute ti cardiovascular disease
vitamins can be examples of
coenzymes
competetive inhibitors
attach to active site and block a substrate from binding to the enzyme :(
non-competetive inhibitors
attach to allosteric site (not the active site) on the enzyme, near the bottom and it alters the shape of the binding site, making the substrate unable to bind to the enzyme.
what test shows glucose and what colour does it turn it
benedicts test glucose goes green
what test shows proteins and what colour does it turn it
buret test proteins turn purple
which of the macros is the only one that doesn’t go thru the bloodstream
lipids cus they go thru lymph vessels
