4B.9C

Question 1

What can changes to the built environment of a country cause

Answer 1

• will bring benefits to some groups
• but can provoke hostility from other groups that perceive migrants as a threat to their culture.
• Migrants may experience a sense of social exclusion. (🌎 Budapest)

Question 2

What did the EU vote hungary as in 2018?

Answer 2

• Joined EU in 2004
• 2018: EU votes Hungary to be ‘a systematic threat to democracy’

Question 3

Give an example of a change to built environment in Hungary as well as it pros and cons

Answer 3

• The building of a mega-mosque in Budapest would be a change to the built environment

+ Syrian refugees who remain in Budapest to study at university, would benefit
- Hungarians feel hostile – they perceive the introduction of Islam / languages as a threat to their culture

Consequently, they are hostile towards Syrian refugees – socially excluding them

Question 4

What is the long term context of Hungary

Answer 4

Throughout its history, Hungary has long been invaded / conquered / liberated – Tatars, Ottomans, Nazis, Russians, losing 2/3 of its land at the end of WW1.

Question 5

What is the medium term context of Hungary within Europe

Answer 5

• 2015 – George Soros (a Hungarian born, New York millionaire) declared Europe should take 1 million asylum seekers (from Syria)
• Viktor Orban was elected on a campaign to ‘Stop Soros’ – in 2018 a Soros-funded university in Budapest closed
• 2010s Europe, identity politics intensified liberals worry about xenophobia, nationalists about lack of free speech

Question 6

What’s wrong with Hungary

Answer 6

They have a nationalist attitude which makes syrian refugees feel socially excluded

Question 7

Evidence of syrian refugees being socially excluded in Hungary

Answer 7

• Kaleti, a major train station in Budapest, becomes a gigantic Syrian refugee camp in 2015
• A Hungarian survey shows that 60% of Hungarians would be resentful of foreign immigrants shot up to 60 percent in 2019 (a 20% increase from 2017).
• In Hungary, the government’s messaging is perceived to have legitimised hated towards all minority groups

Question 8

How have syrian migrants responded

Answer 8

• Most Syrian migrants moved on through Europe, but about 40,000 remained to study at Hungarian universities, financed by Turkey.

Question 9

Consequences of Hungary’s nationalism..

Answer 9

• 2019: President Orban declared that ‘it would take responsibility for all the world’s Christian communities, particularly those persecuted in Islamic countries’
• The EU has threatened to strip of Hungary of it’s voting rights if it does not stop victimising Muslim refugees – caging them, starving them and denying legal representation

Question 10

Pros of nationalism?

Answer 10

• pride in national achievements
• culture is not diluted, tourist commodity
• independent country: can confidently make its own decisions
  -prioritise social development within their country rather than providing for asylum seekers

Question 11

Why is nationalism bad?

Answer 11

• implies inequality is ok so children adopt this attitude
• caste syetm forms
• legitimise extremist groups
• tension with other countries not just in the nationalist countries (wars/protests)