4B.2A

Question 1

State 5 key factors affecting variation in terms of ethnicity

Answer 1

Political
Environmental
Economic
Social
Technology

Question 2

What are political factors affecting variation in terms of ethnicity

Answer 2

Govt policy

Question 3

What are environmental factors affecting variation in terms of ethnicity

Answer 3

trade winds, isolation

Question 4

What are economic factors affecting variation in terms of ethnicity

Answer 4

job availability, cost and distance, proximity to market

Question 5

What are social factors affecting variation in terms of ethnicity

Answer 5

attitudes towards migration

Question 6

What are technological factors affecting variation in terms of ethnicity

Answer 6

routes available, means of travel, e.g. number of flights / knowledge of destination

Question 7

Define homogeneity

Answer 7

population is all the same

Question 8

Define heterogeneity

Answer 8

population is diverse and mixed up

Question 9

What is the pivotal reason for slough becoming ethnically diverse?

Answer 9

1) initial migrants (bridge-headers) establish an enclave community in a few houses/streets
2) family/locals move to the area to live/work with
Shops/cafes/places of worship established and community grows, attracting other migrants
3) Language/religious groups stay together to help preserve shared identity (people feel safer from racism with their own ethnic community around them.

Question 10

Why is slough (langley) diverse in other ways

Answer 10

• Migrants may earn low pay and be attracted to low cost housing near work.
• Wealthy migrants are attracted to live in desirable expensive areas where they feel safe and have the shops/entertainment/ education they desire near to them.
• As more migrants move in, previous residents may move elsewhere as they feel less welcome, intensifying the level of segregation, tension or crime.
• Migration can also affect reported gender. (lots of migrants are males of working age), lots of child bearing age
  Economic activity can affect mental and physical wellbeing

Question 11

On a global scale, what factors affect variation in population

Answer 11

Mainly physical geography

Question 12

On a local scale, what factors affect variation in population

Answer 12

its increasingly political, technological, and then social (1:1 interaction)

Question 13

Compare variation in urban and rural areas

Answer 13

• Urban areas have more jobs, housing, services (health / education. BUT:
  
  • Rural areas attract certain types of people, e.g. elderly / wealthy / families
  • Rural areas have low population / threshold anyway…
  • …so if you can attract one group, and enough of them, that’s a threshold.

Question 14

By variation in population characteristics what do we mean

Answer 14

gender and ethnicity
- variation in these both IN and INBETWEEN settlements

Question 15

How can different levels of cultural diversity be explained

Answer 15

By social clustering, accessibility to key cities, physical factors and government planning policy

Question 16

How does accessbility affect levels of cultural diversity

Answer 16

larger cities are easier for new migrants to get to than rural areas, especially those close to major transport hubs and ports like London and Liverpool
- slough lcose to M25/M4, LONDON and heathrow

Question 17

How does gov policy affect levels of cultural diversity

Answer 17

• Govt encourged workers from commonwealth (india, pakistan, caribbeans etc) to migrate to Uk when wrokers were need (windsrush generation of afro caribbean immigrants who came to uk from 1948)
• Uk membership of EU meant migration to Uk from european countries drastically increased to expansion of EU in 2004 (accession 8)

Question 18

What is social clustering

Answer 18

segregation

Question 19

Positive reasons for social clustering

Answer 19

Accommodating difference
Helps social group to keep cohesion
Keeps cultural values
Keep cultural specific amenities and services
intermarriage
same ethnic group stay close together
gov policies

Question 20

Negative reasons for social clustering

Answer 20

Helps protection against attack
Lack of trust
Discrimination – e.g. job/income related / estate agents
Language barriers

Question 21

Why might exclusion occur

Answer 21

The majority (e.g. conservative, white middle class society) might think other (racial) groups don’t share the same values as them.
Therefore… they treat other (racial) groups as outsiders, i.e. (sub)consciously take action to exclude them.

Question 22

State the invasion (majority forces minority) theory of social clustering

Answer 22

1) Start your thinking with the centre of a city / town (or just a particular space)
2) The new / minority group (e.g. ‘African American) move into this space – and over time you get greater degree of filling.
3) Different groups have difference tolerances – minority groups prefer mixed, majority tolerate up to 10% change.
4) At about 35-50% change, the tolerance that the majority (‘whites’) have for ‘blacks’ dissolves… and ‘whites’ leave (white flight).
5) Typically ‘whites’ moves outwards towards the suburbs (they have choice, i.e. money and can afford to move).

Question 23

Describe the filtering theory of segregation

Answer 23

Stage 1 - Staring Points and Assumptions
Majority (‘White’) don’t mind the minority (‘Blacks’), if the minority group remains in the minority (15-20%),
Like theory 1, the ‘majority group’ like mixed communities, but minimum threshold of tolerance is 30% presence of the minority group.

Stage 2 - Changes start to occur
The minority (Black) population starts to grow
At 15-20%, when houses become available, replacement majority families decide not to buy.
House prices come down…
The minority group (Blacks) can enter the newly vacated areas and at 20-30% black, you reach tipping point

Stage 3 – Long term transition
Having crossed the 30% threshold, the minority community builds rapidly, and becomes the numerical majority.

Question 24

Quickly describe succession/invasion

Answer 24

Process by which new immigrants to a city move to and dominate or take over areas or neighbourhoods that were previously occupied by older immigrant groups.

Question 25

Why does social clustering occur

Answer 25

Sometimes they choose to - most of the time this is the case as same ethnic group choose to stay close
Sometimes they are forced to

Question 26

Reasons