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Biology AS Level > 4B Classification > Flashcards

4B Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

Extremophiles

A

Bacteria that can survive extreme conditions of heat, cold, pH, salinity and pressure
(Archaebacteria)

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2
Q

Eubacteria

A

• true bacteria and cyanobacteria
• reproduce asexually
• prokaryotic cells

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3
Q

6 kingdom classification

A

Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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4
Q

6 kingdom classification

A

Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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5
Q

5 kingdom classification

A

Monera (prokaryotes)
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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6
Q

Biodiversity

A

A measure of the variety of living organisms and their genetic differences

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7
Q

Evolution

A

The process by which natural selection acts on variation to being about adaptations and eventually speciation

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8
Q

Molecular phylogeny

A

The analysis of the genetic material of organisms to establish their evolutionary relationships

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9
Q

Morphology

A

The study of the form and structure of organisms

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10
Q

Morphology

A

The study of the form and structure of organisms

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11
Q

Homologous structures

A

Structures that show common ancestry

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12
Q

Analogous feature

A

Features that look similar or have similar functions but are not from the same biological origin

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13
Q

Which domains share a more recent common ancestor?

A

Archaea and Eukaryota share a more recent common ancestor than Bacteria.

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14
Q

How long ago did all 3 domains share a single common ancestor?

A

3 billion years ago

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15
Q

How do archea replicate

A

By binary fission
Similar to cell cycle in Eukarya, different than in bacteria

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16
Q

Endosymbionts

A

Organisms that live inside the cells or the body of another organism

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17
Q

Eukaryota

A
  • 4 kingdoms: animalia, plantae, fungi, protoctista
  • DNA held in membrane-bound nucleus, bound to histones
  • cells contain membrane-bound organelles
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18
Q

Archaea and Bacteria

A

both domains contain 1 kingdom each
- unicellular organisms, no membrane-bound organelles, DNA firms circular loop, not bound to histone proteins

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19
Q

Morphological species model

A

A species definition based solely on the appearance of the organisms observed

20
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Describes species where there is a great deal of difference between the appearance of the male and female.

The different sexes could be confused as different species in a morphological species model.

21
Q

How do animalia get their nutrients

A

Heterotrophic:
Get their nutrients by ingesting or eating other organisms

22
Q

How is glucose stored in animalia

A

Glucose stored as polysaccharide glycogen

23
Q

What do cells in animalia never have?

A

Chloroplast or a cell wall

24
Q

What do cells in plantae contain?

A

Cellulose cell wall and chlorophyll in chloroplasts

25
Q

How do plants get their food?

A

Autotrophic
Synthesise their own food by photosynthesis

26
Q

How is glucose stored in plants?

A

Glucose stored as polysaccharide starch

27
Q

Protoctista

A

A diverse kingdom containing organisms which do not fit into the animalia, plantae or fungi kindoms.

Most are unicellular, some are multicellular.

Eukaryotic cells

28
Q

how are living organisms classified?

A

by putting organisms in groups based on their similarities and differences

29
Q

how are living organisms classified?

A

by putting organisms in groups based on their similarities and differences

30
Q

taxonomy

A

the science of describing, classifying and naming living organisms

31
Q

phylum

A

a group of classes that all share common characteristics

32
Q

fungi

A

a eukaryotic kingdom of heterotrophs with chitin in their cell walls

33
Q

plantae

A

a mainly autotrophic eukaryotic kingdom containing mosses, liverworts, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms (the flowering plants)

34
Q

animalia

A

a mainly heterotrophic eukaryotic kingdom including all the invertebrates and vertebrates

34
Q

domains

A

the three largest classification categories
- eukaryota
- bacteria
- archaea

35
Q

mate-recognition species model

A

a species definition based on unique fertilisation systems, including mating behaviour

36
Q

ecological species model

A

a species model based on DNA evidence

37
Q

DNA sequencing

A

the process by which the base sequences of all or part of the genome of an organism is worked out

38
Q

DNA profiling

A

the process by which the non-coding areas of DNA are analysed to identify patterns

39
Q

Monera

A

a kingdom in the five-kingdom classification system that contains the Archaea and Eubacteria

40
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

a method of separating fragments of proteins or nucleic acids based on their electrical charge and size

41
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

model used to show the relationships between different groups of organisms

42
Q

class

A

a group of orders that all share common characteristics

43
Q

order

A

a group of families that all share common characteristics

44
Q

family

A

a group of genera that all share common characteristics

45
Q

genus

A

a group of species that all share common characteristics

46
Q

species

A

a group of closely related organisms that are all potentially capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring

Biology AS Level (18 decks)

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