3C Flashcards

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1
Q

cell differentiation

A

the process by which a less specialised cell becomes more specialised for a particular function

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2
Q

locus

A

place on a chromosome where any particular gene is found

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3
Q

multiple alleles

A

more than two possible variants at a particular locus

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4
Q

codominant

A

both alleles are expressed in the phenotype

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5
Q

codominant

A

both alleles are expressed in the phenotype

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6
Q

gene linkage

A

when genes for two different characteristics are found on the same chromosome and are close together so they are linked and inherited as a single unit

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7
Q

polygenic

A

phenotypic characters determined by several interacting genes

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8
Q

digenic (dihybrid)

A

inheritance the inheritance of two pairs of contrasting characteristics at the same time

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9
Q

operon

A

a unit consisting of linked genes which is thought to regulate other genes responsible for protein synthesis

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10
Q

discontinuous variation

A

phenotypic features which are either present or not, usually inherited on one or at most a small number of genes.

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11
Q

continuous cariation

A

phenotypic features which show a huge range of values; they are usually polygenic and are also affected by environmental factors

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12
Q

transcription factor

A

protein that binds to the DNA in the nucleus and affects the process of transcribing DNA into RNA

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13
Q

promoter sequence

A

specific region on the DNA to which transcription factors bind to stimulate transcription

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14
Q

enhancer sequence

A

specific region of DNA to which transcription factors bind and regulate the activity of the DNA by changing the structure of the chromatin

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15
Q

exons

A

segments of a DNA or RNA molecule containing information coding for a protein or peptide sequence

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16
Q

introns

A

segments of a DNA or RNA molecule containing information which does not code for a protein or peptide sequence

17
Q

pre-mRNA

A

mRNA that is transcribed directly from the DNA before it has been modified

18
Q

spliceosomes

A

enzyme complexes that act on pre-mRNA, joining exons together after the removal of the introns

19
Q

DNA methylation

A

methylation of DNA (addition of a methyl -CH group) to a cytosine in the DNA molecule next to a guanine in the
DNA chain and prevents the transcription of a gene

20
Q

DNA demethylation

A

removal of the methyl group from methylated
DNA enabling genes to become active so they can be transcribed

21
Q

heterochromatin

A

densely supercoiled and condensed chromatin where the genes are not available to be copied to make proteins

22
Q

histone acentylation

A

addition of an acetyl group (-COCH3) to one of the lysines in the histone structure, which opens up the structure and activates the chromatin, allowing genes in that area to be transcribed

23
Q

histone methylation

A

addition of a methyl group (-CHs) to a lysine in the histone; methylation may cause inactivation or activation of the region of DNA, depending on the position of the lysine

24
Q

non-coding RNA (ncRNA)

A

98% of the RNA, which does not code for proteins but affects the transcription of the DNA code, modifies the chromatin structure or modifies the products of transcription

25
Q

totipotent

A

an undifferentiated cell that can form any one of the different cell types needed for an entire new organism

26
Q

blastocyst

A

an early embryo consisting of a hollow ball of cells with an inner cell mass of pluripotent cells that will eventually form a new organism

27
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

the undifferentiated cells of the early human embryo with the potential to develop into many different types of specialised cell

28
Q

morula

A

an early embryo made up of a solid ball of 10-30 totipotent cells

29
Q

pluripotent

A

an undifferentiated cell that can form most of the cell types needed for an entire new organism

30
Q

adult stem cells (somatic stem cells)

A

undifferentiated cells found among the normal differentiated cells in a tissue or organ that can differentiate when needed to produce any one of the major cell types found in that particular tissue or organ

31
Q

multipotent

A

a cell that can form a very limited range of differentiated cells within a mature organism

32
Q

therapeutic cloning

A

an experimental technique used to produce embryonic stem cells from an adult cell donor

33
Q

induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)

A

adult cells that have been reprogrammed by the introduction of new genes to become pluripotent again

34
Q

induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)

A

adult cells that have been reprogrammed by the introduction of new genes to become pluripotent again