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Biology AS Level > 2B Proteins and DNA > Flashcards

2B Proteins and DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

catalyst

A

a substance that speeds up a reaction without changing the substances produced or being changed itself

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2
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that act as biological catalysts for a specific reaction or group of reactions

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3
Q

specificity

A

the characteristics of enzymes that means that each enzyme will catalyse only a specific reaction or group of reactions; this is due to the very specific shapes which come form the tertiary and quaternary structures

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4
Q

anabolic reaction

A

a reaction that builds up (synthesises) new molecules in a cell

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5
Q

catabolic reaction

A

a reaction which breaks down substances within a cell

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6
Q

metabolism

A

the sum of the anabolic and catabolic processes in a cell

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7
Q

metabolic chain

A

a series of linked reactions in the metabolism of a cell

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8
Q

extracellular enzymes

A

enzymes that catalyse reactions outside of the cell in which they were made

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8
Q

intracellular enzymes

A

enzymes that catalyse reactions within the cell

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9
Q

mononucleotides

A

molecules with three parts - a 5-carbon pentose sugar, a nitrogen-containing base and a phosphate group - joined by condensation reactions

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10
Q

adenosine triphosphate ATP

A

a molecules that acts as the universal energy supply molecule in cells; it is made up of the base adenine, the pentose sugar ribose and three phosphate groups

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11
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

a nucleic acid that is the genetic material in many organisms

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12
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

a nucleic acid which is the genetic material in some organisms and is involved in protein synthesis

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13
Q

ribose

A

a pentose sugar that is part of the structure of RNA

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14
Q

deoxyribose

A

a pentose sugar that is part of the structure of DNA

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15
Q

purine base

A

a base found in nucleotides that has two nitrogen-containing rings
(adenine, guanine)

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16
Q

adenine

A

a purine base found in DNA and RNA

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17
Q

pyrimidine base

A

a base found in nucleotides that has one nitrogen-containing ring
(cytocine, thymine, uracil)

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18
Q

thymine

A

a pyrimidine base found in DNA

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19
Q

guanine

A

a purine base found in DNA and RNA

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19
Q

cytosine

A

a pyrimidine base found in DNA and RNA

20
Q

uracil

A

a pyrimidine base found in RNA

21
Q

nucleic acids/polynucleotides

A

polymers made up of many nucleotide monomer units that carry all the information needed to form new cells

22
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

bond formed between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next nucleotide in a condensation reaction

23
Q

conservative replication

A

a model of DNA replication which suggests that the original double helix remains intact and some way instructs the formation of a new, identical double helix made up entirely of new material

23
Q

complementary base pairs

A

complementary purine and pyrimidine bases which align in a DNA helix, with hydrogen bonds holding them together (C-G, A-T)

24
Q

genome

A

the entire genetic material of an organism

25
Q

semiconservative replication

A

the accepted model of DNA replication in which the DNA unzips and new nucleotides align along each strand; each new double helix contains one strand of the original DNA and one strand made up of new material

26
Q

isotopes

A

different atoms of the same element, with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons; isotopes have the same chemical properties

27
Q

DNA helicase

A

an enzyme involved in DNA replication that unzips the two strands of the DNA molecules

28
Q

translation

A

the process by which proteins are produces, via RNA, using the genetic code found in the DNA; it takes place on the ribosomes

29
Q

DNA polymerase

A

an enzyme involved in DNA replication that lines up the new nucleotides along the DNA template strands

30
Q

DNA ligase

A

an enzyme involved in DNA replication that catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides

31
Q

ribosomes

A

the site of protein synthesis in the cell

32
Q

triplet code

A

the code of three bases that is the basis of the genetic information in the DNA

33
Q

gene

A

a sequence of bases on a DNA molecules; it contains coding for a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain that affects a characteristic in the phenotype of the organism

34
Q

codon

A

a sequence of three bases in DNA or mRNA

35
Q

messenger RNA

A

the RNA formed in the nucleus that carries the genetic code out into the cytoplasm

36
Q

complementary strand

A

the strand of RNA formed that complements the DNA acting as the coding strand

37
Q

degenerate code

A

a code containing more information than is needed

38
Q

sense strand

A

the DNA strand that carries the code for the proteins to be produced

38
Q

non-overlapping

A

a code where each codon codes for only one thing with no overlap between codons

39
Q

point mutation

A

a change in a single base of the DNA code

40
Q

antisense strand (template strand)

A

the DNA strand which acts as a template for an mRNA molecule

41
Q

RNA polymerase

A

the enzyme that polymerises nucleotide units to form RNA in a sequence determined by the antisense strand of DNA

41
Q

start codon

A

the sequence of bases which indicates the start of an amino acid chain - TAC; this is the code for the amino acid methionine

42
Q

stop codon

A

one of three sequences of bases which indicate the end of an amino acid chain

43
Q

anticodon

A

a sequence of three bases on tRNA that are complementary to the bases in the mRNA codon

44
Q

transfer RNA

A

small units of RNA that pick up specific amino acids from the cytoplasm and transport them to the surface of the ribosome to align with the mRNA

45
Q

translation

A

the process by which the DNA code is converted into a protein from the mRNA codon

46
Q

transcription

A

the process by which the DNA sequence is used to make a strand of mRNA in the nucleus

46
Q

polysomes

A

groups of ribosomes, joined by a thread of mRNA, that can produce large quantities of a particular protein

Biology AS Level (18 decks)

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