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Biology AS Level > 1B Heart, Circulatory system > Flashcards

1B Heart, Circulatory system Flashcards

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1
Q

veins

A

vessels that carry blood towards the heart

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2
Q

arteries

A

vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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3
Q

capillaries

A

tiny vessels that spread throughout the tissues of the body

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4
Q

lumen

A

then central space inside the blood vessel

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5
Q

arterial system

A

the system of arteries in the body

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6
Q

arterioles

A

the very smallest branches of the arterial system, furthest form the heart

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7
Q

peripheral arteries

A

arteries further away from the heart but before the arterioles

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8
Q

venules

A

the very smallest branches of the venous system, furthest for the heart

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9
Q

inferior vena cava

A

the large vein that carries the returning blood from the lower parts of the body to the heart

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10
Q

superior vena cava

A

the large vein that carries the returning blood form the supper parts of the body to the heart

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11
Q

venous system

A

the system of veins in the body

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12
Q

semilunar valves

A

half-moon shaped, one-way valves found at frequent intervals in veins to prevent the backflow of blood

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13
Q

name the semi-lunar valves in the heart

A

pulmonary valve
aortic valve

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14
Q

name the atrioventricular valves

A

tricuspid valve
mitral valve / bicuspid valve

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15
Q

septum

A

the thick muscular dividing wall through the centre of the heart that prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood form mixing

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16
Q

cardiac muscle

A

the special muscle tissue of the heart, which has an intrinsic rhythm and does not fatigue

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17
Q

myoglobin

A

a respiratory pigment with a stronger affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin

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18
Q

right atrium

A

the upper right-hand chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood form the body

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19
Q

left atrium

A

the upper left-hand chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood form the lungs

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20
Q

right ventricle

A

the lower chamber that receives deoxygenated blood form the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs

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21
Q

left ventricle

A

the chamber that receives oxygenated blood form the left atrium and pumps it around the body

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22
Q

tricuspid valve

A

the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle that prevents backflow of blood form the ventricle to the atrium when the ventricle contracts

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23
Q

bicuspid valve

A

the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle that prevents backflow of blood into the atrium when the ventricle contracts

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24
Q

tendinous cords / valve tendons / heartstrings

A

cord-like tendons that make sure the valves are not turned inside out by the large pressure exerted when the ventricles contract

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25
Q

pulmonary artery

A

the blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

26
Q

pulmonary veins

A

the blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood back form the lungs to the heart

27
Q

aorta

A

the main artery of the body; it leaves the left ventricle of the heart carrying oxygenate blood under high pressure

28
Q

systole

A

the contraction of the heart

29
Q

diastole

A

when the heart relaxes and fills with blood

30
Q

cardiac cycle

A

the cycle of contraction and relaxation in the heart

31
Q

double circulation system

A

a circulation that involves two separate circuits
one of deoxygenated blood flowing from the heart to the gas exchange organs to be oxygenated before returning to the heart
and one of oxygenated blood leaving the heart and flowing around the body, returning as deoxygenated blood to the heart

32
Q

systemic circulation

A

carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the cells of the body where the oxygen is used, and carries the deoxygenated blood back to the heart

33
Q

oxygenated blood

A

blood that is carrying oxygen

34
Q

deoxygenated blood

A

blood that has given up its oxygen to cells in the body

35
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart

36
Q

Why do unicellular organisms not need specialised transport systems?

A

• small diffusion distance
• large sa:vol ratio
• low metabolic demands

37
Q

advantages of a closed circulatory system are:

A

• the pressure can be increased to make blood flow more quickly

• the flow can be directed more precisely to the organs that need most oxygen and nutrients

38
Q

Risk

A

the probability that an event will take place

39
Q

risk factors

A

factors which affect the risk of an event happening contribute to the chances of developing a disease

40
Q

correlation

A

a strong tendency for two sets of data to change together
e.g. mortality data from atherosclerosis may change in a similar pattern to smoking

41
Q

causation

A

when a factor directly causes a specific effect

42
Q

leucocytes

A

white blood cells; there are several different types which play important roles in defending the body against the entry of pathogens and in the immune system

43
Q

explain why the total surface area of capillaries needs to be high

A
  • more plasma is able to leave the capillaries
  • results in faster diffusion
  • more capillaries are in contact with the cells in the tissue
  • diffusion distance is short
44
Q

explain the advantages of storing thromboplastin inside platelets

A
  • to keep thromboplastin separate from prothrombin
  • so that prothrombin will not be converted into thrombin
  • the blood clotting process will be prevented
  • to have thromboplastin available when needed
45
Q

platelets

A

cell fragments involved in the clotting mechanism of the blood

46
Q

megakaryocytes

A

large cells that are found in the bone marrow and produce platelets

47
Q

oxyhaemoglobin

A

the molecule formed when oxygen binds to Hb

48
Q

carbaminohaemoglobin

A

the molecule formed when carbon dioxide combines with haemoglobin

49
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

the enzyme that controls the rate of the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to produce carbonic acid

50
Q

Bohr effect

A

the name given to changes in the oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin that occur due to a rise in carbon dioxide levels and a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

51
Q

fetal haemoglobin

A

a form of haemoglobin found only in the developing fetus with a higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin

52
Q

fetal haemoglobin

A

a form of haemoglobin found only in the developing fetus with a higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin

53
Q

serotonin

A

a chemical that causes the smooth muscle of the blood vessels to contract, narrowing them and cutting off the blood flow to the damaged area

54
Q

thromboplastin

A

an enzyme that sets in progress a cascade of events that leads to the formation of a blood
clot

55
Q

prothrombin

A

a large, soluble protein found in the plasma that is the precursor to an enzyme called thrombin

56
Q

thrombin

A

an enzyme that acts on fibrinogen, converting it to fibrin during clot formation

57
Q

precursor

A

a biologically inactive molecule which can be converted into a closely related biologically active molecule when needed

58
Q

fibrinogen

A

a soluble plasma protein which is the precursor of the insoluble protein fibrin

59
Q

fibrin

A

an insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen by the action of thrombin that forms a mesh of fibres that trap erythrocytes and platelets to form a blood clot

60
Q

explain why antioxidants in the diet reduce the risk of CVD

A

• because antioxidants reduce free radicals
• therefore damage to the lining of blood vessel will be reduced
• therefore reducing atheroma formation

Biology AS Level (18 decks)

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