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Biology AS Level > 3B Cell Cycle, Fertilisation > Flashcards

3B Cell Cycle, Fertilisation Flashcards

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1
Q

cell cycle

A

a regulated process of three stages (interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis) in which cells divide into two genetically identical daughter cells

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2
Q

interphase

A

the period between active cell divisions when cells increase their size and mass, replicate their DNA and carry out normal metabolic activities

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3
Q

mitosis

A

the process by which a cell divides to produce tow genetically identical daughter cells

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4
Q

cytokinesis

A

the final stage of the cell cycle before the cell enters interphase again - division of the cytoplasm at the end of mitosis to form tow independent, genetically identical cells

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4
Q

meiosis

A

a form of cell division in which the chromosome number of the original cell is halved, leading to the formation of the gametes

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5
Q

asexual reproduction

A

the production of genetically identical offspring form a single parent or organism

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6
Q

sexual reproduction

A

the production of offspring that are genetically different from the parent organism or organisms by the fusing of two sex cells

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6
Q

histones

A

positively charged proteins involved in the coiling of DNA to form dense chromosomes in cell division

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7
Q

nucleosomes

A

dense clusters of DNA wound around histones

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8
Q

karyotype

A

a way of displaying an image of the chromosomes of a cell to show the pairs of autosomes and sex chromosomes

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9
Q

chromatid

A

one strand of the replicated chromosome pair that is joined to the other chromatid at the centromere

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10
Q

cyclins

A

small proteins that build up during interphase and are involved in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating other proteins, activated by attachment to cyclins

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11
Q

cyclin - dependent kinases CDKs

A

enzymes involved in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating other proteins, activated by attachment to cyclins

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12
Q

prophase

A
  • the first stage of active cell division
  • the chromosomes are coiled up and consist of two daughter chromatids joined by the centromere
  • the nucleolus breaks down
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13
Q

metaphase

A
  • the second stage of active cell division
  • a spindle of overlapping protein microtubules forms
  • the chromatids line up on the metaphase plate
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14
Q

anaphase

A
  • third stage of active cell division
  • the centromeres split so chromatids become new chromosomes; they are moved to the opposite poles of the cell, centromere first, by contractions of the microtubules of the spindle
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14
Q

centromere

A

the region where a pair of chromatids are joined and which attaches to a single strand of the spindle structure at metaphase

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15
Q

telophase

A
  • fourth stage of active cell division
  • a nuclear membrane forms around the two sets of chromosomes
  • the chromosome
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16
Q

metaphase plate (equator)

A

the region of the spindle in the middle of the cell along which the chromatids line up

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16
Q

clones

A

genetically identical individuals resulting from asexual reproduction in a single parent

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17
Q

mitotic index

A

the ratio between the number of cells in a tissue sample that are in mitosis and the total number of cells in the sample

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18
Q

diploid (2n)

A

a cell with a nucleus containing two full sets of chromosomes

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19
Q

haploid (n)

A

a cell with a nucleus containing one complete set of chromosomes

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20
Q

fertilisation

A

the fusing of the haploid nuclei from two gametes to forma diploid zygote in sexual reproduciton

20
Q

zygote

A

the cell formed when two haploid gametes fuse at fertilisation

21
Q

polyploidy

A

a cell or an organism with more than two sets of chromosomes

21
Q

gonads

A

the sex organs in animals

22
Q

ovaries

A

the female sex organs in both animals and plants; they produce the female gametes called ovules in plants and ova in animals

23
Q

anthers

A

male sex organs in plants that produce the male gametes contained in the pollen

23
Q

ovules

A

the haploid female gametes in plants

23
Q

pollen

A

the spore which contains the haploid male gametes of plants

24
Q

testes

A

the male sex organs in animals that produce the male gametes
- sperm

25
Q

spermatozoa (sperm)

A

the haploid male gametes in animals

26
Q

ova

A

the haploid female gametes in animals (singular = ovum)

27
Q

microspores

A

the result of meiosis in plants that develop into the spore (pollen) containing the male gametes

28
Q

microspores

A

the result of meiosis in plants that develop into the spore (pollen) containing the male gametes

29
Q

megaspores

A

the result of meiosis in plants that develop into the female gametes, ovules

30
Q

homologous pairs

A

matching pairs of chromosomes in an individual which both carry the same genes, although they may have different alleles

31
Q

crossing over (recombination)

A

the process by which large multi-enzyme complexes cut and re-join parts of the maternal and paternal chromatids at the end of prophase I, introducing genetic variation

32
Q

chiasmata

A

the points where the chromatids break during recombination

33
Q

mutation

A

a permanent change in the DNA of an organism

34
Q

independent assortment (random assortment)

A

the process by which the chromosomes derived from the male and female parent are distributed into the gametes at random

35
Q

independent assortment (random assortment)

A

the process by which the chromosomes derived from the male and female parent are distributed into the gametes at random

36
Q

gametogenesis

A

the formation of the gametes by meiosis in the sex organs

37
Q

oocyte

A

a cell in an ovary which may form an ovum if it undergoes meiotic division

38
Q

acrosome

A

the region at the head of the sperm that contains enzymes to break down the protective layers around the ovum

39
Q

zona pellucida

A

a layer of protective jelly around the unfertilised ovum

40
Q

sporophyte generation

A

the diploid generation in plants that produces spores by meiosis

41
Q

gametophyte generation

A

the haploid generation in plants that gives rise to the gametes by mitosis

42
Q

gametophyte generation

A

the haploid generation in plants that gives rise to the gametes by mitosis

43
Q

sporophyte

A

the diploid main body of the plant

44
Q

microgametes

A

the male gametes produced in plants, the pollen grains

45
Q

tube nucleus

A

the male nucleus that will control the production of the pollen tube in fertilisation

46
Q

tube nucleus

A

the male nucleus that will control the production of the pollen tube in fertilisation

47
Q

generative nucleus

A

the male nucleus that will fuse with the female nucleus

48
Q

pollen tube

A

a tube that grows out of a pollen grain down the style, into the ovary and through the micropyle of the ovule to carry the generative nucleus (which divides to form two male nuclei) to the ovule

49
Q

pollen tube

A

a tube that grows out of a pollen grain down the style, into the ovary and through the micropyle of the ovule to carry the generative nucleus (which divides to form two male nuclei) to the ovule

50
Q

placenta (plant)

A

the pad of special tissue that attaches the plant ovule to the ovary wall

51
Q

megagamete

A

the female gamete, the egg cell, in plants

Biology AS Level (18 decks)

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