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Biology AS Level > 4A plant structure and function > Flashcards

4A plant structure and function Flashcards

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1
Q

cell wall

A

a freely permeable wall around plant cells, made mainly of cellulose

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2
Q

middle lamella

A

the first layer of the plant cell wall to be formed when a plant cell divides, made mainly of calcium pectate (pectin) that binds the layers of cellulose together

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2
Q

suberin

A

a waterproof chemical that impregnates cellulose cell walls in cork tissues and makes them impermeable

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3
Q

lignin

A

a chemical that impregnates cellulose cell walls in wood and makes them impermeable

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4
Q

pectin

A

a polysaccharide that holds cell walls of neighbouring plant cells together and is part of the structure of the primary cell wall

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5
Q

primary cell walls

A

the first very flexible plant cell walls to form, with all the cellulose microfibrils orientated in a similar direction

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6
Q

secondary cell wall

A

the older plant cell wall in which the cellulose microfibrils have build up at different angles to each other making the cell wall more rigid

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7
Q

hemicelluloses

A

polysaccharides containing many different sugar monomers

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8
Q

composite material

A

a material made of two or more materials which combined together make a composite with different properties form either of the constituent materials

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9
Q

plant fibres

A

long cells with cellulose cell walls that have been heavily lignified so the y are rigid and very strong

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10
Q

turgid

A

swollen

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11
Q

flaccid

A

floppy, soft

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12
Q

plasmodesmata

A

cytoplasmic bridges between plant cells that allow communication between the cells

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13
Q

symplast

A

all of the material contained within the surface membrane of a plant cell

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13
Q

cell sap

A

the aqueous solution that fills the permanent vacuole

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14
Q

pits

A

thin areas of cell wall in plant cells with secondary thickening, where plasmodesmata maintain contact with adjacent cells; in xylem vessels, where the cells are dead, they become simple holes through which water moves out into the surrounding cells

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15
Q

tonoplast

A

the specialised membrane that surrounds the permanent vacuole in plant cells and controls movements of substances into and out of the cell sap

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16
Q

osmosis

A

a specialised form of diffusion that involves the movement of solvent molecules down their water potential gradient

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17
Q

chloroplasts

A

organelles adapted to carry out photosynthesis, containing the green pigment chlorophyll

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18
Q

chlorophyll

A

the green pigment that is largely responsible for trapping the eneregy form light, making it available for the plant to use in photosynthesis

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19
Q

parenchyma

A

relatively unspecialised plant cells that act as packing in stems and roots to give support

19
Q

amyloplasts

A

plant organelles that store starch

20
Q

collenchyma

A

plant cells with areas of cellulose thickening that give mechanical strength and support to the tissues

21
Q

sclerenchyma

A

plant cells that have very thick lignified cell walls and an empty lumen with no living contents

22
Q

sclereids

A

sclerenchyma cells that are completely impregnated with lignin

23
Q

xylem

A

the main tissue transporting water and minerals around a plant

24
Q

phloem

A

the main tissue transporting dissolved food around the plant

25
Q

vascular bundle

A

part of the transport system of a plant, with phloem on the outside and xylem on the inside - often with strengthening sclerenchyma

26
Q

cambium

A

the layer of unspecialised plant cells that divide to form both the xylem and the phloem

27
Q

protoxylem

A

the first xylem the plant makes; it can stretch and grow because the walls are not fully lignified

28
Q

metaxylem

A

consists of mature xylem vessels made of lignified tissue

29
Q

transpiration stream

A

the movement of water up from the soil through the root hair cells, across the root to the xylem, then up the xylem, across the leaf until it is lost by evaporation from the leaf cells and diffuses out of the stomata down a concentration gradient

30
Q

translocation

A

the active movement of substances around a plant in the phloem

31
Q

sieve plates

A

the perforated walls between phloem cells that allow the phloem sap to flow

32
Q

companion cells

A

very active cells closely associated with the sieve tube elements that supply the phloem vessels with everything they need and actively load sucrose into the phloem

33
Q

tensile strength

A

the resistance of a material to breaking under tension

34
Q

carbon neutral

A

a process where no net carbon is released into the atmosphere

35
Q

carbon neutral

A

a process where no net carbon is released into the atmosphere

36
Q

bioplastics

A

plastics based on biological polymers

37
Q

binary fission

A

asexual reproduction in bacteria in which the bacteria split in half

38
Q

culture

A

growing microorganisms in the laboratory, providing them with the nutrients, oxygen, pH and temperature they need to produce large numbers so they can be observed and measured

39
Q

aseptic technique

A

method of carrying out a procedure to prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms

40
Q

sterile

A

something free from living microorganisms and their spores

41
Q

aspirin

A

a widely used drug which relieves pain and reduces blood clotting and inflammation

42
Q

digitalis

A

a chemical found in foxgloves that affects the beating of the heart

43
Q

oedema

A

swelling of the tissues due to fluid retention

44
Q

digoxin

A

a drug based on the chemical found in foxgloves that improves heart function

45
Q

placebo

A

an inactive substance resembling a drug being trialled which is used as an experimental control

46
Q

double-blind trial

A

a clinical drug trial where neither the doctor nor the patient knows whether the patient is receiving the new medicine, a control medicine or a placebo

47
Q

placebo effect

A

when patients appear to respond to a drug simply because they think it is doing them good

Biology AS Level (18 decks)

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