4.6.3.5 Fossils Flashcards

1
Q

Fossils:

A

the ‘remains’ of organisms from millions of years ago, which are found in rocks

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2
Q

When are fossils formed?

A
  • from parts of organisms that have not decayed because one or more of the conditions needed for decay are absent
    • parts of organisms that have not decayed because oxygen or moisture were not present, meaning that the microbes that cause decay could not survive
  • when parts of the organism are replaced by minerals as they decay forming a rock structure of the original part e.g. teeth, shells, bones etc.
  • as preserved traces of organisms e.g. footprints, burrows and rootlet traces due to the ground hardening around them and forming a cast
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3
Q

How are fossils formed?

A
  • remains of dead organism covered in sediment
  • sediment builds up compressing dead organism
  • soft parts of organism decay or are eaten
  • bones / hard parts do not decay
  • so minerals enter bones and replace the bone turning it to stone
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4
Q

Why are there no/not many fossils of early forms of life?

A
  • many-early forms of life were soft-bodied and therefore decayed completely so there are few fossils of them
  • any traces left have been destroyed by geological activity
  • this is why scientists cannot be certain about how life began on Earth
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5
Q

What can we learn from fossils?

A
  • we can learn from fossils how much or how little different organisms have changed as life developed on Earth
  • used to show how the anatomy of organisms has changed over time
  • can be used to compare how closely related 2 organisms are through looking at the number of similarities they have
    • this information is used to create evolutionary trees
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6
Q

Why is the fossil record incomplete?

A
  • fossils formed under v. specific conditions
  • remains of the organism usually washed into water and buried by mud or silt
    • if there is any O2 at all the remains would decay and there would be nothing left
  • hard parts of organism e.g. shells, bones, teeth etc. replaced by minerals
    • if the organisms are completely soft-bodied like an earthworm - no hard parts so no fossils formed
  • very rare for all conditions to be met
  • even if fossils form they still need to be found
    • only weathering + erosion (beneath sea or river bed) can expose them (in rocks etc.) which takes a long time
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