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AQA GCSE Biology LTS > 4.2.2.2 The Heart and Blood Vessels > Flashcards

4.2.2.2 The Heart and Blood Vessels Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the heart?

A

The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system

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2
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump blood to?

A

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place

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3
Q

Where does the left ventricle pump blood to?

A

The left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body

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4
Q

Why is the heart referred to as the double pump?

A

Because the blood goes to the heart twice (2 inputs and outputs) and the blood is pumped to two different places

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5
Q

How does blood on the left side of the heart differ from the right side?

A

The left side transports oxygenated blood to the rest of the body and the right side transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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6
Q

What is the tissue that makes up most of the heart?

A

Cardiac muscle

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7
Q

What does the cardiac muscle (tissue) in the heart need to keep working?

A

Oxygen and glucose are used for respiration which releases energy

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8
Q

How are oxygen and glucose transported to the cardiac muscle in the heart?

A

By the coronary artery

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9
Q

Why is the left ventricle the biggest chamber?

A
  • As it has to pump the blood farther to the rest of the body whereas the right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs which is a shorter distance
  • Which is why it has a thick muscular wall
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10
Q

Why are red and blue colours commonly used to indicate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

A

As the oxygenated blood (oxygen-rich) is a brighter red compared to the deoxygenated blood which is a darker red

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11
Q

How do substances move around our body?

A
  • The body has its own transport system that carries substances around our body
  • The body’s transport system is called the circulatory system
  • The organs in it are: heart, blood vessels, blood
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12
Q

What is the trachea made of?

A

Cartilage

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13
Q

Lungs as Specialised Exchange Systems:

A
  • Our body needs a constant supply of O2 for respirations, as well as a way of releasing waste CO2
  • Mammals have evolved a specialised exchange system to allow for this
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14
Q

How does inhalation work?

A
  • The intercostal muscles between the ribs contract
  • This moves the ribs up and out
  • At the same time, the diaphragm muscle contracts and moves out
  • The volume of air inside the chest increase (as air rushes in)
  • This decreases the pressure inside the chest
  • The air pressure outside the chest is higher so air enters the lungs
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15
Q

Breathing in (inhalation):

A

getting air into the lungs

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16
Q

Breathing out (exhalation):

A

getting air out of the lungs

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17
Q

How does exhalation work?

A
  • The intercostal muscles relax
  • The ribs are moved down and in
  • At the same time, the diaphragm muscle relaxes and moves up
  • The volume inside the chest decreases (as air rushes out)
  • This increases the pressure inside the chest
  • The air pressure outside the chest is now lower so air leaves the lungs
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18
Q

How do the lungs work antagonistically?

A

The lungs work antagonistically as the internal and external intercostal muscles work against each other (like biceps and triceps)

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19
Q

What does an O2 molecule pass through?

A
  • What a molecule of O2 passes through before entering the blood:
    • Trachea, bronchus,bronchioles, alveoli
  • What a molecule of CO2 passes through after leaving the blood:
    • Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchus, trachea
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20
Q

What happens when you pull the rubber sheet down on a bell jar?

A

When you pull the rubber sheet down (diaphragm) downwards the volume increases in the bell jar (chest), causing pressure to decrease then causing the balloons (lungs) to inflate as the air pressure outside is higher and this evens out the pressure inside the ballons (chest) and outside

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21
Q

What happens when you push the rubber sheet upwards on a bell jar?

A

When you push the rubber sheet upwards, the volume inside the bell jar (chest) decreases, causing the pressure inside the chest to increase, air moves out of the bell jar - this causes the balloons (lungs) to deflate as the pressure outside is lower and this evens out the pressure inside the chest and outside

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22
Q

What are the positives of the bell jar model?

A
  • What we expect to happen in our body happens in the jar
  • Airtight like lungs
  • Has two lungs, trachea, bronchus and diaphragm
  • Good model
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23
Q

What are the negatives of the bell jar model?

A
  • No blood supply – can’t see O2 moving
  • No intercostal muscles, rubs, bronchioles and alveoli
  • Can’t see fine details e.g. bronchioles, alveoli etc.
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24
Q

Diagram of the lungs:

A
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25
Q

Diagram of the bell jar model:

A
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26
Q

Diagram of the heart:

A
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27
Q

Diagram of the circulatory system:

A
28
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A
  • blood is pumped to the lungs by the right side of the heart and blood is pumped to the body by the left side of the heart
  • blood flows in 2 circuits around the body
  • one circuit links the heart with the lungs and the other circuit links the heart with the rest of the body
29
Q

What is a single circulatory system?

A
  • the blood passes through a single circuit – where blood is pumped by the heart to the gills for oxygenation, after which the blood flows to the rest of the body and back to the heart
30
Q

What is open circulation?

A
  • when the blood comes into direct contact with tissues
  • once deposited at the body cells, moves back into circulation via diffusion
31
Q

What is closed circulation?

A

blood circulated within enclosed vessels, and blood never comes into direct contact with tissues

32
Q

How and why is the structure of a fish heart different from the human heart?

A
  • the fish heart has a single circulatory system and a human heart has a double circulatory system taking deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood rest of the bod
  • the fish heart also only has two chambers whereas a human heart has 4 chambers as the oxygenated blood needs two chambers and the deoxygenated blood needs two chambers
33
Q

What is the natural resting heart rate controlled by?

A
  • The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker
  • It sends out electrical signals to the heart muscle causing them to contract, which ensures the heart beats continuously throughout your life
34
Q

What are artificial pacemakers?

A

electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart beat

35
Q

What does an artificial pacemaker have?

A
  • an artificial pacemaker has a pulse generator and one or more leads
  • the leads connect the pulse generator to the inner wall (or sometimes the outer surface) of your heart with small metal electrodes
36
Q

Diagram of an artificial pacemaker:

A
37
Q

How does blood flow through the heart?

A
  • deoxygenated blood enters the RA from the vena cava when the RA is relaxed
  • while the RV is relaxed the RA contracts and forces blood through the atria-ventricular valve (tricuspid valve) into the RV
  • then the RV contracts and this forces blood out the RV past the semi-lunar valves and along the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where the blood is oxygenated
  • at the same time the atria-ventricular valve (tricuspid valve) closes, preventing blood from flowing back into the RA
  • the valve is anchored by valve tendons to prevent it from turning inside out
  • when the RV relaxes again the semi-lunar valves prevent blood from flowing back from the pulmonary artery into the RV
  • oxygenate blood from the lungs enters the LA from the pulmonary vein when the LA is relaxed
  • when the LV relaxes the LA contracts and forces blood through the atria-ventricular valve into the LV (mitral valve)
  • the LV contracts and this forces blood out of the LV past the semi-lunar valves and out into the aorta
  • the aorta distributes blood to all the organs of the body where the blood becomes deoxygenated
  • contraction of the LV also closes the atria-ventricular valve (mitral valve), preventing blood from flowing back into the LA
  • this valve is also anchored by valve tendons
  • when the LV relaxes again, the semi-lunar valves prevent blood from flowing back from the aorta into the LV
38
Q

What do the right and left side of the heart do in synchrony?

A
  • the right and left side of the heart contract and relax in synchrony
39
Q

What do all the chambers of the heart have in common?

A
  • all 4 chambers of the heart have the same internal volume
40
Q

What is the passage of blood through the heart?

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood enters the RA vie the vena cava
  2. The RA contracts forcing open the atrioventricular valves
  3. Blood enters the RV
  4. The RV contracts closing the atrioventricular valves
  5. Blood enters the LV
  6. Oxygenated blood enters LA from the pulmonary vein
  7. The LA contracts forcing open the atrioventricular valves
  8. The LV contracts closing the atrioventricular valves
  9. The blood now enters the aorta
41
Q

Do oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood ever meet in the heart?

A

the oxygenated blood in the left side of the heart is kept separate from the deoxygenated blood in the right side of the heart

42
Q

What does the contraction of muscular walls of the heart do?

A
  • the contraction of muscular walls of the heart increases the pressure of the blood in that chamber, then the blood moves to a region of lower pressure
43
Q

Why are thicker muscles needed in the heart?

A
  • thicker muscles are stronger than thinner ones
  • the thicker the muscle the more powerfully it can contract and the further it can pump the blood
44
Q

Briefly describe the stages of the cardiac cycle:

A
  1. Heart relaxes and blood enters both atria
  2. Atria contract at the same time which forces blood into both ventricles
  3. Ventricles contract from the bottom upward which forces blood up the pulmonary artery or aorta
45
Q

What three types of blood vessels does the body contain?

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
46
Q

Function of arteries:

A

To carry blood away (at high pressure) from the heart

47
Q

Adaptations of arteries:

A
  • Walls are very thick and contain 4 layers of muscle: epithelium muscle layer, elastic layer and collagen shell - this makes the arteries strong and contains elastic fibres which allow them to stretch and spring back - this help the vessels to withstand the high pressure created by the pumping to the heart
  • Wall contains thick muscle layer to cope with a very high internal pressure
  • Walls are thick compared to the size of the lumen
  • Lumen diameter is fairly large - allows more red blood cells to flow but are closely packed together this more oxygenate blood is transported to the rest of the body at one particular time
  • Carries blood at systolic pressure (120mmHg)
  • Speed of flow is fast
  • Mostly deep beneath the skin
  • Contains no valves
  • Leads away from the heart
  • High oxygen content and low carbon dioxide content of the blood except in pulmonary artery
48
Q

Diagram of arteries:

A
49
Q

Function of veins:

A

To carry blood (at a low pressure) back to the heart

50
Q

Adaptations of veins:

A
  • contains valves to stop back flow and ensure the blood flows in the right direction
  • lumen diameter very large allowing many red blood cells to flow at once and it being wide also allows the low blood pressure to flow through
  • leads towards the heart
  • carries blood at very low pressure (1 to 2mmHg)
  • speed of flow is low
  • oxygen content is low and carbon dioxide content is high except in pulmonary vein
  • mostly under the surface of the skin
51
Q

Diagram of veins:

A
52
Q

Function of capillaries::

A

A very thin blood vessel (allows the blood to flow very close to cells to enable substances to move between them) that is used for exchange of substances in the body (found connecting arteries and veins) and it transports blood, oxygen, nutrients etc. to tissues around the body

53
Q

Adaptations of capillaries:

A
  • Walls are made from one layer of epithelium cells (1 cell thick) creating a short diffusion pathway increasing rate of diffusion
  • Permeable walls so substances can move across them
  • Carries blood at low pressure (10 to 20mmHg)
  • Not connected to the heart
  • Contains no valves
  • Walls burst under pressure changes
  • Lumen diameter is small - one red blood cell passes through at a time
54
Q

Diagram of capillaries:

A
55
Q

What do coronary arteries do?

A

cover the heart to provide its own oxygenated supply so the muscle cells can do aerobic respiration and release energy so it can contract and be able to pump the blood around the heart

56
Q

Where are your lungs found in your body?

A

in the thorax (top part of your body), protected by the ribcage and separated from the lower part of the body (abdomen) by the diaphragm

57
Q

What are your lungs protected by?

A

ribcage

58
Q

What do your lungs do?

A

they supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

59
Q

What happens in gas exchange?

A
  • upon inhalation, the alveoli fill with oxygen
  • the blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli is deoxygenated (it has come from the pulmonary vein), it has lots of carbon dioxide as this is a products of respiration
  • oxygen diffuses down its concentration gradient into the capillary bloodstream which has a low concentration of oxygen
  • carbon dioxide diffuses down its concentration gradient from the blood to the alveoli
60
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

A
  • very small ad arranged in clusters, creating a large surface aeea of diffusion to take place over
  • the capillaries provide a large blood supply, maintaining the concentration gradient
  • the walls of the alveoli are very thin, meaning there is a short diffusion pathway
61
Q

Where are capillaries found?

A
  • found connecting arteries to veins and can be found at sites of exchange e.g. lungs, small intestine etc.
  • also found in muscles
62
Q

What substances needed by cells in the body tissues pass out of the blood through the walls of the capillaries?

A
  • oxygen
  • glucose
63
Q

What substances produced by the cells pass into the capillaries?

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • waste products e.g. urea
64
Q

How do substances move between the blood and the tissues?

A

by the capillaries via diffusion from an area of high concentration an area of low concentration down a concentration gradient - is a passive process as it doesn’t use energy

65
Q

Ventilation:

A

movement of air into and out of the lungs is known as ventilation

AQA GCSE Biology LTS (81 decks)

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