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AQA GCSE Biology LTS > 4.2.2.4 Coronary Heart Disease: a noncommunicable disease > Flashcards

4.2.2.4 Coronary Heart Disease: a noncommunicable disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens in coronary heart disease?

A
  • layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them
  • this reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart muscle
  • this means that aerobic respiration can’t take place and so no energy is released for muscle contraction so the tissues die
  • this may result in a heart attack
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2
Q

What does cholesterol do?

A
  • a chemical that sticks to the walls of blood vessels
  • cholesterol develops to form fatty deposits called atheroma
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3
Q

Consequences of coronary heart disease (consequences of cholesterol sticking to the lining of a coronary artery):

A
  • reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart muscle which means aerobic respiration cannot take place so no energy is released for muscle contraction
  • can also result in a blood clot/embolism/thrombus
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4
Q

What are the two main effects that the narrowing of the coronary artery could cause?

A
  • angina
  • cardiac arrest
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5
Q

Angina:

A

when the blood flow to the heart is reduced which means there is a lack of oxygen which means they can’t do as much aerobic respiration and don’t release as much energy so stops heart muscles from contracting as easily causing chest pain

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6
Q

Cardiac arrest:

A

when the coronary artery is completely blocked so the muscle tissue in the heart gets no oxygen and can’t do aerobic respiration and so can’t release any energy meaning the muscles can’t contract and the tissue dies so the heart stops

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7
Q

Risk factors for coronary heart disease:

A
  • smoking
  • age
  • diet - inappropriate diet with high levels of cholesterol e.g. eating lots of red meats and saturated fats
  • genetics - family history of high cholesterol
  • gender - more likely to get CHD if you’re male
  • exercise
  • obesity
  • stress
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8
Q

What should you do to reduce your risk of heart diseases?

A
  • don’t smoke
  • exercise frequently
  • eat a diet low in fat and don’t excessively eat red meats
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9
Q

Advantages of a heart transplant:

A
  • in case of a heart failure a donor heart, or heart and lungs can be transplanted saving the patients life
  • patients live longer
  • have a better quality of life
  • higher energy levels
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10
Q

Disadvantages of a heart transplant:

A
  • major surgery (risks e.g. bleeding)
  • anti-rejection drugs are needed (leading to greater risk of infection e.g. sepsis)
  • shortage of donors = long wait for heart transplant
  • need time to heal, recover and build up strength
  • heart may not work well enough risk of dying afterwards
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11
Q

Advantages of an artificial heart:

A
  • no rejection by body’s immune system
  • used to keep patients alive while waiting for heart transplant
  • can be used to help allow patient’s heart to rest as an aid to recover
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12
Q

Disadvantages of an artificial heart:

A
  • can only be used short term while patient is waiting for a heart transplant
  • inefficient and inconsistent as you have to carry around a backpack
  • electrical motor could fail
  • blood doesn’t flow through artificial hearts as smoothly causing blood clots leading to strokes
  • patient has to take blood thinners and if they’re injured blood may bleed out at a very fast pace, if they stop taking blood thinners their blood may clot
  • can cause bleeding, infection, organ failure
  • must remain permanently linked to a power supply via tubes through the skin - potential source of infection
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13
Q

What are mechanical heart valves?

A

An artificial heart valve is a one-way valve implanted into a person’s heart to replace a heart valve that is not functioning properly - it is made from carbon and metal

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14
Q

What are heart valves used to treat?

A
  • in some people heart valves might become faulty
    • the heart valve tissue might stiffen preventing the valve from opening fully
    • the heart valve might develop a leak if it doesn’t close properly which could cause back-flow of blood - aortic regurgitation
  • aortic stenosis - narrowing of the heart valves
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15
Q

How are heart valves inserted?

A
  1. Catheter (thin, flexible tube) with a balloon on the tip inserted into an artery in your arm or groin
  2. Guided to the affected valve
  3. The balloon is inflated, which expands the opening of the heart valve.
  4. Balloon is then deflated and the balloon and catheter are removed.
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16
Q

Advantages of mechanical heart valves:

A

hard wearing and last longer - less likely to need replacing

17
Q

Disadvantages of mechanical heart valves:

A
  • tendency for blood clots to form on them - lifelong anti-coagulant medicine is needed
  • increases the chance of excessive bleeding from a cut if blood thinners need to be taken to avoid blood clots forming around the mechanical valve
  • can make a quiet clicking noise
  • life of the valve limited by corrosion and damage due to its repeated use
18
Q

What are biological heart valves?

A

Tissue (biological or bioprosthetic) valves areusually made from pig or cow tissue, or sometimes from human tissue (in which case they may be called homograft valves), that has been treated to make sure it is not rejected by the body

19
Q

Advantages of biological heart valves:

A
  • less risk of blood clots forming on the valve
  • blood flows more smoothly throw a biological valve
  • unlike mechanical valves anti-coagulants don’t need to be taken
  • biological valves do not produce any sounds
20
Q

Disadvantages of biological heart valves:

A
  • wear out faster than mechanical valves and only last 12-15 years meaning another surgery is likely because the valves would stiff and the function may reduce
  • risk of structural valve degeneration
21
Q

What are stents?

A

stents (metal mesh tubes inserted in arteries) - keeps the arteries open to allow blood to flow through

22
Q

What do stents treat?

A
  • blocked coronary arteries can be treated using stents (if they don’t use statins) - used to keep coronary arteries open and allow more blood to flow through the coronary artery
  • used to help keep arteries open if the patient has atherosclerosis - arteries becoming narrow and hardened with a plaque called atheroma
  • treats angina (chest pain) which is caused if blood flow to the heart is restricted by blocked coronary arteries
23
Q

How is the stent inserted?

A
  1. A catheter is inserted in the groin/arm and is guided to the opening of the coronary artery
  2. The ballon stent is put in position
  3. The ballon is inflated inside the walls of the artery widening it by squishing fatty material against the walls
  4. The balloon is then removed and the stent supports the artery wall
24
Q

Advantages of stents:

A
  • are effective in lowering the risk of a heart attack
  • no risk of rejection from immune system - stent isn’t made from a material that the immune system will reject
  • sedated using local anaesthetic rather than general anaesthetic which is safer
  • quick surgical procedure - 30mins to a few hrs
  • permanent
  • immediate result
  • recovery time for a surgery is quick - can go home same day of the surgical procedure
  • widens blocked or narrowed arteries - opens up the lumen - blocked arteries are held open so blood can flow to heart muscles
  • less than 1% of angioplasty’s have complications
  • reduces chest pain (angina)
25
Q

Disadvantages of stents:

A
  • have to be an aspirin or blood thinning tablets for 1yr after procedure meaning you could lose a lot of blood very quickly if you get injured
  • main complication is bruising where the catheter (tube) is inserted (groin or arm)
  • stent could collapse
  • awake when procedure takes place
  • risk of infection from procedure
  • risks during procedure e.g. heart attack
  • risk of blood clot/thrombosis forming around the stent
26
Q

Diagram of stents:

A
27
Q

What are statins?

A
  • statins are drugs that are used to reduce LDL (bad) cholesterol levels which slows down the rate of fatty material deposit and stopping CHD
  • reduces cholesterol production from liver
28
Q

Advantages of statins:

A
  • reduces risk of strokes, CHD and heart attacks
  • increases the levels of HDL (good) cholesterol and reduces LDL (bad) cholesterol - liver produces less LDL (bad) cholesterol
  • reduces long-term risks of dementia
  • non-surgical - tablet taken daily
  • slows down build up of fatty material in a arteries so blood can flow to muscle cells and provide oxygen so the muscle cells can do aerobic respiration and release energy to contract
29
Q

Disadvantages of statins:

A
  • side-effects - muscle pains, joint pains, headaches, tummy upsets - at least 2% of people who take statins get side-effects
  • reduces immune system health
  • reduces coenzyme Q10
  • drug has to be taken daily and you can’t forget to take the drug
  • effects of the drug will take time to happen as it only slows down the build up of fatty material
30
Q

Diagram showing the difference between a healthy artery and an artery with atheroma (fatty deposits):

A
31
Q

What problems does artificial blood solve?

A

extreme blood loss

32
Q

What is artificial blood?

A

a salt solution that can keep people alive even if they lose 2/3 of their red blood cells

33
Q

Advantages of artificial blood:

A

this means the patient has more time to produce red blood cells

34
Q

Disadvantages of artificial blood:

A

can only be used for short periods of time - then blood transfusion has to take place

AQA GCSE Biology LTS (81 decks)

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