4.3 Transfer of Skills Flashcards
What are the 5 different transfer of skills?
Positive
Negative
Proactive
Retroactive
Bilateral
What is the definition of proactive transfer ?
The influence of one skill on a skill yet to be performed.
What is the definition of retroactive transfer?
The influence of one skill on the learning or performance of a skill that has previously been learnt.
What is the definition of positive transfer?
When the learning and performance of one skill helps the learning and performance of another skill.
What is the definition of negative transfer?
When the learning and performance of one skill hinders the learning and performance of another skill
What is the definition of bilateral transfer?
The transfer of learning from one limb to another.
In primary schools, what is encouraged and focused on during PE lessons?
Building up fundamental motor skills of basic throwing, catching, kicking etc. so that these skills can be transferred to more complex activities such as passing in football.
When can positive transfer occur ? Why?
It is likely to occur if practice conditions are realistic.
If the response to a training stimulus is not consistent with the response demanded in the real situation, negative transfer could take place and bad habits could be encouraged.
What is an example of where positive transfer may occur?
An over arm throw and a tennis serve are similar skills so therefore positive transfer is likely to happen if the throw is used to learn the serve.
What is the identical elements theory?
It suggests that the greater number of components of practice that are relevant to the real situation, the more likely positive transfer is to take place and future responses to be correct.
What is transfer-appropriate processing?
It is the idea that a new skill might be different from any skill performed before, but, if cognitive, information processing requirements are similar then positive transfer could occur.
When can negative transfer occur?
When a familiar stimulus requires a new response, particularly if the demands of the new response are so similar to the old demands that the player becomes confused.
What are motor programmes ?
They are generalised series of movements stored in the long-term memory and each is retrieved by a single decision.
What kind of control do motor programmes have over our actions?
Open loop control.
They are nearly automatic movements that do not seem to be under conscious control.
What are the 2 ways that bilateral transfer can take place?
- The ‘cognitive’ aspects of the skill i.e. our understanding of what is required. For example, a football player has an idea of how the non-preferred limb might operate.
- The ‘motor programme’ is transferred i.e. the pattern of movement that is learned almost automatically for one limb is used subconsciously when the other limb is moved.
