4.2 Types and Methods of Practice Flashcards
What are the four methods of practice?
- Part
- Whole
- Whole-part-whole
- Progressive-part
What are the four types of practice?
- Massed
- Distributed
- Fixed
- Varied
What are the 5 factors that affect the choice of method of practice used?
- type of skills to be taught
- the complexity of the skill
- the environment
- the ability of the performer
- the motivational level of the performer
What is part practice also known as ?
fractionisation
What is part practice?
When the skills is broken down into its various sub-routines and each sub-routine is practised individually.
When do you use part practice?
- high levels of complexity
- low levels of organisation
- independent sub-routines
- slow tasks
- lengthy duration
- dangerous
- performer is a novice in cognitive stage of learning
- limited attention span
- limited motivation
What is whole practice?
when the skill is presented in total and practised as an entire skilled movement
When is whole practice used?
- low levels of complexity
- skill lacks meaning in parts
- high levels of organisation
- very rapid skill
- more motivated performers
- experienced performers in the autonomous stage of learning
- experienced performers
- allows performers to feel the skills (kinaesthetics)
What is whole-part-whole practice?
- the whole motor programme/skill is practised
- part of the skill is then practised
- the whole skill is practised again
What are the advantages of whole-part-whole practice?
- highlights the important elements
- difficult areas can be practised again
- once the difficult element has been mastered, the whole skill can be practised again
What method of practice do coaches use most often?
whole-part-whole
What is progression part practice also known as?
segmentation or chaining
What is progression part method of practice?
when the sub-routines are practised separately and then linked to the next sub-routine in a specific order
When is the progression part method of practice used?
- complex skills
- helps chaining of complex skills learnt independently
- limited attentional demands
- good transfer to whole
What is a good example of a sport that will use the progression part method?
triple jump
What is massed practice?
When one skill is practised repetitively without breaks.
When is massed practice most suitable to use?
closed and self-paced skills
In massed practice, there are no breaks. What does this mean that the coach must take into account?
As there are no breaks, the fitness of the performer must be taken into account when deciding how long the sessions will be.
What are the advantages of massed practice?
- can help improve the consistency of skills, and move them into the autonomous phase of learning
- appropriate to closed and self-paced skills
What are the disadvantages of massed practice?
- can be boring and demotivating for the performer, as it is very repetitive
- as there are no breaks, there is no extrinsic feedback from a coach
- the quality of training may deteriorate as the performer becomes increasingly fatigued
What is distributed practice?
when there are breaks during the training session
When is distributed practice most appropriate to use?
most useful for continuous skills, but can be applied to almost any skill type
What are the advantages of distributed practice?
- can receive extrinsic feedback from a coach between performances
- performer can rest and recover, both physically and mentally
- having intervals allows for mental rehearsal
What are the disadvantages of distributed practice?
- time may be managed ineffectively if the rest interval is longer than the working interval
- it can be time consuming
- may be boring and demotivating for the individual
What is fixed practice?
When the same movement is practised over and over again, and the environment doesn’t change. This happens over a number of sessions. It can include drills as well.
When is fixed practice most appropriate to use?
closed and self-paced skills
What are the advantages of fixed practice?
- improved consistency of closed and self-paced skills
- the environment never changes, allowing the performer is replicate the same technique every time
- it can help to reduce pressure during a competitive situation
- strengthens the motor programme
What are the disadvantages of fixed practice?
- can be boring and repetitive for the performer
- decreased levels of motivation
What is varied practice?
When a skill is practised in a number of different environments. It allows the performer to practise a large number of situations and the different possible responses.
When is varied practice most appropriate to use?
Practising open skills and decision making skills.
What are the advantages of varied practice?
- performer learns to adapt technique to the environment
- develops decision making skills and perceptual skills
What are the disadvantages of varied practice?
- needs to have already learnt a motor programme in a fixed environment before the skills can be attempted in a changing environment.
- not suitable for closed skills
What type and method of practice would you use for gross skills?
type - distributed or varied
method - part or progressive part
What type and method of practice would you use for fine skills?
type - massed or fixed
method - whole
What type and method of practice would you use for open skills?
type - varied and distributed so you can create a number of possible strategies to cope with a changing environment and make sure there is no attentional wastage.
method - can change depending on the skill
What type and method of practice would you use for closed skills?
type - fixed and massed
method - can change
What type and method of practice would you use for discrete skills?
type - fixed and massed
method - whole
What type and method of practice would you use for serial skills?
type - distributed
method - whole-part-whole or progressive part
What type and method of practice would you use for continuous skills?
type - fixed and massed in order to gain the kinaesthetic sense of the movement
method - whole
What type and method of practice would you use for self-paced skills?
type - fixed and massed to develop the habitual responses
method - part
What type and method of practice would you use for externally paced skills?
type - varied and distributed to build strategies
method - whole
What type and method of practice would you use for simple skills?
type - fixed and massed
method - whole
What type and method of practice would you use for complex skills?
type - distributed and varied or fixed dependent on skill
method - part or progressive part
What type and method of practice would you use for highly organised skills?
type - massed and fixed
method - whole as it is difficult for the skill to be split up into sub-routines
What type and method of practice would you use for low organised skills?
type - fixed and massed
method - part as it can be easily split up into sub-routines
