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AS PE > 1.1 Skeletal and Muscular Systems > Flashcards

1.1 Skeletal and Muscular Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

A
  1. protection to internal organs
  2. site for blood cell production
  3. mineral store
  4. provides attachments for the muscular system
  5. acts as the levers and pivot points required to make movement
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2
Q

What are the 5 types of bones?

A
  1. long
  2. short
  3. flat
  4. irregular
    5.sesamoid
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3
Q

What is the function of flat bones?

A

protect internal organs and act as suitable sites for muscular attachments

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4
Q

What are some examples of flat bones?

A

sternum, ribs, cranium, pelvis

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5
Q

What is the function of long bones?

A

act as levers for movements and acts as sites for blood cell production

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6
Q

What are some examples of long bones?

A

femur, humerus, radius, tibia, phalanges

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7
Q

What is the function of irregular bones?

A

protect the spinal cord

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8
Q

What is the example of an irregular bone?

A

vertebrae

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9
Q

What is the function of short bones?

A

bear weight well

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10
Q

What are some examples of short bones?

A

carpals, tarsals

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11
Q

What is the function of sesamoid bones?

A

ease joint movement and resist compression

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12
Q

What is an example of a sesamoid bone?

A

patella

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13
Q

What is the definition of a joint?

A

an area of the body where two of more bones articulate to create human movement

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14
Q

What is the definition of a ligament?

A

a tough band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

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15
Q

What is the definition of articular cartilage?

A

smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones to absorb shock and allow friction-free movement

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16
Q

What are the 5 common features of a synovial joint?

A
  1. ligament
  2. synovial fluid
  3. articular fluid
  4. joint capsule
  5. bursa
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16
Q

What is the structure of a ligament?

A

a tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue

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16
Q

What is the function of a ligament?

A

connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement

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17
Q

What is the structure of synovial fluid?

A

lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity

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17
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage

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18
Q

What is the structure of articular cartilage?

A

smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones?

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19
Q

What is the function of articular cartilage?

A

absorbs shock and allows friction-free movement

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20
Q

What is the structure of a joint capsule?

A

a fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane

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21
Q

What is the function of a joint capsule?

A

encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

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22
Q

What is the structure of
a bursa?

A

a closed fluid-filled sac found where tendons rub over bones

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23
Q

What is the function of a bursa?

A

reduced friction between tendons and bones

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24
Q

What are the three planes of movement?

A
  1. sagittal
  2. frontal
  3. transverse
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25
Q

What is plane of movement defined as?

A

the description of three dimensional movements at a joint

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26
Q

What are movement patterns defined as?

A

a description of the actions taking place at a joint

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27
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joint?

A
  1. hinge
  2. pivot
  3. condyloid
  4. ball and socket
  5. gliding
  6. saddle
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28
Q

What is flexion defined as?

A

movement which decreases the joint angle, usually to the front of the body

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29
Q

What is extension defined as?

A

movement which increases the joint angle, usually to the back of the body

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30
Q

What is dorsi-flexion defined as?

A

movement at the ankle joint as the toes move up

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31
Q

What is plantar flexion defined as?

A

movement at the ankle joint as the toes move down

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32
Q

What 4 movements can occur on the sagittal plane?

A
  1. flexion
  2. extension
  3. dorsi-flexion
  4. plantar flexion
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33
Q

What is abduction defined as?

A

movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body

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34
Q

What is adduction defined as?

A

movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body

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35
Q

What two movements occur on the frontal plane?

A
  1. abduction
  2. adduction
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36
Q

What is horizontal extension defined as?

A

movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body parallel to the ground

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37
Q

What is horizontal flexion defined as?

A

movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body parallel to the ground

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38
Q

What is rotation defined as?

A

movement whereby articulating bones turn about their longitudinal axis in a screwdriver action

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39
Q

What 3 movements can occur on the transverse plane?

A
  1. horizontal extension
  2. horizontal flexion
  3. rotation
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40
Q

What is a tendon defined as?

A

a fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone

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41
Q

What is the agonist muscle defined as?

A

a muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint. also know as the prime mover

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42
Q

What is the antagonist muscle defined as ?

A

a muscle that opposes the agonist, providing a resistance for co-ordinated movement

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43
Q

What is the fixator muscle defined as?

A

a muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another moves.

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44
Q

What is the antagonistic muscle action defined as?

A

paired muscle action. As the agonist muscle shortens to create movement, the antagonist lengthens to co-ordinate the action.

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45
Q

What is isotonic contraction defined as?

A

muscular contraction which changes length during its contraction. This can occur in two ways: concentric and eccentric contraction

46
Q

What is concentric contraction defined as?

A

muscular contraction which shortens while producing tension

47
Q

What is eccentric contraction defined as?

A

muscular contraction which lengthens while producing tension

48
Q

What is isometric contraction defined as?

A

muscular contraction which stays the same length while producing tension

49
Q

What is delayed onset muscle soreness ?

A

pain and stiffness felt in the muscle, which peaks 24-72 hours after exercise, associated with eccentric muscle contractions

50
Q

What type of joint is the anke?

A

hinge

51
Q

What are the articulating bones of the ankle joint ?

A

tibia, fibula and talus

52
Q

What plane of movement does the ankle use?

A

sagittal

53
Q

What movements can the ankle do?

A

dorsi-flexion
plantar flex ion

54
Q

What is the agonist muscle for dorsi-flexion of the ankle?

A

tibialis anterior

55
Q

What are the agonist muscles for plantar flexion of the ankle?

A

gastrocnemius and soleus

56
Q

What type of joint is the knee?

A

hinge

57
Q

What are the articulating bones for the knee joint ?

A

femur and tibia

58
Q

What plane of movement does the knee use?

A

sagittal

59
Q

What movements can the knee do?

A

flexion
extension

60
Q

What are the agonist muscles for flexion of the knee?

A

hamstring group

biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus

61
Q

What are the agonist muscles for extension of the knee ?

A

quadriceps group

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis

62
Q

What type of joint is the hip?

A

ball and socket

63
Q

What are the articulating bones of the hip?

A

pelvic girdle and femur

64
Q

What planes of movements can the hip use?

A

sagittal
frontal
transverse

65
Q

What is the agonist muscle for flexion of the hip ?

A

iliopsoas

66
Q

What is the agonist muscle for extension of the hip?

A

gluteus maximus

67
Q

What are the agonist muscles for adduction of the hip?

A

adductor longus, adductor brevis and adductor magnus

68
Q

What are the agonist muscles for abduction of the hip ?

A

gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

69
Q

What are the agonist muscles for medial rotation of the hip?

A

gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

70
Q

What is the agonist muscle for lateral rotation of the hip?

A

gluteus maximus

71
Q

What are the movement that can occur at the hip?

A

flexion
extension
adduction
abduction
medial rotation
lateral rotation

72
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder ?

A

ball and socket

73
Q

What are the articulating bones of the shoulder joint?

A

humerus and scapula

74
Q

What planes of movement does the shoulder use?

A

sagittal
frontal
transverse

75
Q

What is the agonist muscle for flexion of the shoulder?

A

anterior deltoid

76
Q

What is the agonist muscle for extension of the shoulder?

A

posterior deltoid

77
Q

What is the agonist muscle for adduction of the shoulder?

A

latissimus dorsi

78
Q

What is the agonist muscle for abduction of the shoulder?

A

middle deltoid

79
Q

What is the agonist muscle for horizontal flexion of the shoulder?

A

pectoralis major

80
Q

What are the agonist muscles for horizontal extension of the shoulder?

A

posterior deltoid and teres minor

81
Q

What are the agonist muscles for medial rotation of the shoulder?

A

teres major and subscapularis

82
Q

What are the agonist muscles for lateral rotation of the shoulder?

A

teres minor and infraspinatous

83
Q

What 9 types of movement can occur at the shoulder?

A

flexion
extension
adduction
abduction
horizontal flexion
horizontal extension
medial rotation
lateral rotation
circumduction

84
Q

What type of joint is the elbow?

A

hinge

85
Q

What are the articulating bones of the elbow ?

A

humerus, radius and ulna

86
Q

What plane of movement does the elbow use?

A

sagittal

87
Q

What movements can the elbow do?

A

flexion
extension

88
Q

What is the agonist muscle for flexion of the elbow?

A

biceps brachii

89
Q

What is the agonist muscle for extension of the elbow?

A

triceps brachii

90
Q

What type of joint is the wrist?

A

condyloid

91
Q

What are the articulating bones for the wrist joint?

A

radius, ulna and carpals

92
Q

What plane of movement does the wrist use?

A

sagittal

93
Q

What movements can the wrist do?

A

flexion
extension

94
Q

What are the agonist muscles for flexion of the wrist?

A

wrist flexors

95
Q

What are the agonist muscles for extension of the wrist?

A

wrist extensors

96
Q

What is a motor neuron defined as?

A

a nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres

97
Q

What is a motor unit defined as?

A

a motor neuron and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon

98
Q

What is action potential defined as?

A

positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre

99
Q

How do the skeletal muscles contract?

A
  1. Nerve impulse initiated in the motor neuron cell body.
  2. Nerve impulse conducted down the axon of the motor neuron by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft.
  3. Neurotransmitter called acetylcholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap.
  4. If the electrical charge is above the threshold, the muscle fibre will contract.
  5. This happens in an ‘all-or-none’ fashion.
100
Q

What is a neurotransmitter defined as?

A

A chemical (acetylcholine) produced and secreted by a neuron, which transmits the nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre.

101
Q

What is the ‘All-or-None’ Law defined as?

A

Depending on whether the stimulus is above a threshold, all the muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction at all.

102
Q

A greater number of motor units will do what to the contraction?

A

The greater the number of motor units recruited, the greater force of contraction.

103
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle fibre?

A
  1. Slow oxidative (SO or type 1)
  2. Fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG or type 2a)
  3. Fast glycolytic (FG or type 2b)
104
Q

What are slow oxidative muscle fibres?

A

a type of muscle fibre rich in mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries, which produces a small amount of force over a long period of time

105
Q

What are fast glycolytic muscle fibres?

A

A type of muscle fibre rich in phosphocreatine, which produces a maximal force over a short period of time.

106
Q

What are fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres?

A

Muscle fibres structurally designed to produce a large amount of force quickly, but they also have the capacity to resist fatigue.

107
Q

What is an example of an athlete with lots of slow oxidative muscle fibres?

A

marathon runner

108
Q

What is an example of an athlete with lots of fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres?

A

800m runner

109
Q

What is an example of an athlete with lots of fast glycolytic muscle fibres?

A

100m sprinter

110
Q

What is phosphocreatine?

A

a high-energy compound stored in the muscle cell used as a fuel for very high-intensity energy production

111
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

A structure in the sarcoplasm responsible for aerobic energy production

112
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

A protein in the muscle responsible for transporting oxygen to the mitochondria.

113
Q

What is aerobic work?

A

Low intensity, long-duration exercise in the presence of oxygen.

114
Q

What is anaerobic work?

A

High intensity, short-duration exercise in the absence of oxygen.

115
Q

What is a work:relief ratio?

A

the volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performed

AS PE (16 decks)

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