4.2.2: Haloalkanes Flashcards

1
Q

What are haloalkanes?

A

Saturated organic compounds that contain carbon atoms and at least one halogen atom

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2
Q

Are halogenoalkanes soluble in water?

A

Insoluble as C-H bonds are non-polar, not compensated for enough by C-X bond polarity

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3
Q

Do halogenoalkanes have a polar bond? Why?

A

Yes polar, as halogen has a higher electronegativity than C ( halogen is δ-, carbon is δ+)

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4
Q

What type intermolecular forces do they have? Why?

A

Permanent dipole-dipole and London forces of attraction

C-X bond polarity creates permanent dipoles

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5
Q

When would they have higher boiling points?

A

Increase Carbon chain length

Halogen further down group 7

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6
Q

How would the mass of a haloalkane compare with the mass of an alkane of the same chain length?

A

Greater as mass of halogen > mass of H

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7
Q

What is the most important factor in determining halogen reactivity?

A

The strength of carbon halogen bond

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8
Q

What would bond polarity suggest the order of reactivity would be?

A

C-F would be most reactive as most polar bond

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9
Q

What would bond enthalpies suggest the order of reactivity would be?

A

C-I would be most reactive as lowest bond enthalpy

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10
Q

What is a primary halogen?

A

The halogen atom is present at the end of the chain

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11
Q

Define nucleophile

A

Electron pair donor

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12
Q

Give 3 examples of nucleophiles

A

:OH-
:CN-
:NH3

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13
Q

What is nucleophilic substitution?

A

A reaction where a nucleophile donates a lone pair of electrons to δ+ C atom, δ− atom leaves molecule (replaced by nucleophiles)

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14
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

A reaction where water is a reactant

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15
Q

What reactant often produces hydroxide ions for

hydrolysis?

A

water

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16
Q

What fission does water undergo to produce OH- ?

A

Heterolytic fission

17
Q

What are CFCs?

A

Chlorine-fluoro-carbons - haloalkanes containing C, F and Cl only (no H)

18
Q

What is the problem with CFCs?

A

Although unreactive under normal conditions, they catalyse the breakdown of ozone in the atmosphere via free radical substitution

19
Q

What is the main function of ozone layer?

A

Provides protection from harmful UV radiation

20
Q

Does ozone play a protection role in all layers of the atmosphere?

A

No, in the troposphere it contributes towards photochemical smog

21
Q

How do CFCs break the ozone layer down?

A

Free radical substitution

22
Q

Write an equation for the overall decomposition of ozone into oxygen (O2)

A

2O3→ 3O2

23
Q

Write free radical substitution equations to show how Cl free radicals catalyse the decomposition of O3

A

Cl2 → 2Cl• (in presence of UV light)
Cl• + O3→ ClO• + O2
ClO• + O3 → 2O2 + Cl•
Overall: 2O3→ 3O2

24
Q

Write free radical substitution equation to show how nitrogen monoxide can decompose ozone

A

NO + O3 → NO2 + O2
NO2 + O → NO + O2
Overall- O3 + O → 2O2