4.1.3: Alkenes Flashcards

1
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one C=C bond made up of a ๐œ‹ bond and a ๐œŽ bond

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2
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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3
Q

How is a ๐œ‹ bond formed?

A

Electrons in the adjacent p orbitals overlap above and below the carbon atoms. They can only be made after a ๐œŽ bond is formed

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4
Q

What bond restricts the rotation of carbon atoms?

A

๐œ‹ bond

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5
Q

What is the angle and shape of a double bond?

A

Trigonal planar

120ยฐ

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6
Q

Are they more or less reactive than alkanes? Why?

A

More reactive due to high electron density of double bond and the fact the pi-bond is slightly easier to break

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7
Q

What intermolecular forces of attraction do they have?

A

Only London forces due to non-polar bonds

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8
Q

Are they soluble in water? Why?

A

No, non-polar bonds

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9
Q

Write an equation for the complete combustion of pent-2-ene.

A

CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 + 7ยฝO2 โ†’ 5CO2 + 5H2O

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10
Q

What are the types of isomers that can be formed using alkenes?

A

E/Z isomers - due to the restricted rotation

Cis-trans isomers - if two of the same substituents are attached to each carbon

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11
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

Species that are electron pair acceptors

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12
Q

What is the most stable type of carbocation intermediate? Why?

A

Alkyl groups have a positive inductive effect, so the most stable carbocation is the one bonded to the most other carbon atoms i.e. A tertiary carbocation

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13
Q

Major products will be formed from which kinds of carbocations?

A

Tertiary (or the most stable available)

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14
Q

What conditions are needed for the electrophilic addition of H2O to an alkene? What is this type of reaction called?

A

Steam in the presence of an acid catalyst, usually phosphoric acid
Reaction is called hydration

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15
Q

What are the product(s) of the hydration reaction?

A

An alcohol

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16
Q

What conditions are needed for the electrophilic addition of a hydrogen halide to an alkene?

A

Hydrogen halide gases must be at room temperature

17
Q

What is the reaction called when a halogen is added to alkene?

A

Halogenation

18
Q

How does a molecule with a non-polar bond react as if it is an electrophile?

A

C=C double bond with a high electron density induces a temporary dipole in the halogen molecule โ†’ ฮด+ atom attracted to double bond

19
Q

How can an alkene be converted into alkane? What is the reaction called and what are the required conditions?

A

Alkene + hydrogen = Alkane
Hydrogenation
Conditions โ†’ 150ยฐC, nickel catalyst

20
Q

What is an addition polymer?

A

Many monomers bonded together via rearrangement of bonds without the loss of any atom or molecule

21
Q

What are monomers? What form do they usually take?

A

Molecules which combine to form a polymer

Usually have a C=C bond which breaks to leave a repeating pattern

22
Q

What are the ways in which plastics can be disposed? (6 marks)

A
โ— Landfill
โ— Combustion
โ— Electricity generation
โ— Reuse
โ— Recycle
โ— Organic feedstock
23
Q

What are the disadvantages of recycling?

A

โ— Plastics must be sorted into different types
โ— Expensive
โ— Labour intensive
โ— Requires high technology

24
Q

How does photodegradable polymers break down?

A

They are broken down chemically using
energy with wavelengths similar to light.
Once the break down begins it is not
possible to stop the process

25
Q

Explain what happens in organic feedstock

A

Plastics are separated and broken down into
small organic molecules through a series of
reaction. The molecules can then be used
produce plastics and in other industries

26
Q

Give a disadvantage of photodegradable polymers

A

May not be exposed to sufficient light