Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A-Level Biology > 4.2.2 Classification and evolution > Flashcards

4.2.2 Classification and evolution Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

order of taxonomic groups

A 
domain/kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus 
species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why classify organisms

A

identify species
predict characteristics (members of same group highly likely to have same characteristics)
find evolutionary ancestor links

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

classification definition

A

process of placing living things into groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

binomial nomenclature definition

A

system that uses genus and species names to avoid confusion when naming organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

species definition

A

group where all members can reproduce to produce fertile offspring
are essentially the same genetically but may show some variations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how organisms classified

A

based on features (anatomy) and evolutionary relationships
larger taxonomic groups to smaller taxonomic groups
different organisms in smaller taxonomic groups share more of same characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why binomial nomenclature is used

A

organisms may have multiple common name
different names in different languages
directly states information about relationships between organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

5 kingdoms

A 
Prokaryotae
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae 
Animalia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Prokaryotae kingdom general features

A

unicellular
no membrane-bound organelles
no nucleus
have looped DNA not arranged in chromosome
DNA not bound to histone proteins (naked)
smaller ribosomes (70S)
free-living or parasitic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Protoctista kingdom general features

A

eukaryotic
mostly single-celled (some algae multicellular)
show various plant-like or animal-like features
mostly free-living
autotrophic or heterotrophic nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

autotrophic definition

A

absorb nutrients and build them into larger organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

heterotrophic definition

A

digest larger organic molecules to form smaller organic molecules for absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

saprophytic definition

A

digest organic molecules outside of organism then absorbs it

cause decay of organic matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fungi kingdom general features

A 
eukaryotic 
single-celled (yeasts) or have mycelium consisting of hyphae
walls made of chitin
multinucleate cytoplasm
mostly free-living 
saprophytic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Plantae kingdom general features

A 
eukaryotic
multicellular
cells surrounded by cellulose cell wall
autotrophic 
contain chlorophyll
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Animalia kingdom general features

A

eukaryotic
multicellular
heterotrophic
usually able to move around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

recent changes to classification systems

A

before just based on observable features
study of genetics and other biological molecules (DNA, haemoglobin, cytochrome C)
can study evolutionary relationships between organisms to classify organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

differences between archaea and bacteria

A

different cell membrane structure
different internal structure of flagella
different enzyme for synthesising RNA
no proteins bound to genetic material (Archaeae do)
different mechanisms for DNA replication and synthesising RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

archaea and eukaryotes similarities

A

similar enzymes and mechanisms for synthesising RNA
similar mechanisms for DNA replication replication
production of some proteins that bind to DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

artificial classification definition

A

based on only few characteristics
doesn’t reflect any evolutionary relationships
provides limited information
stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

natural classification definition

A

uses many characteristics
reflects evolutionary relationships
provides lots of information
may change with advancing knowledge

22
Q

phylogeny definition

A

study of evolutionary relationships between species

23
Q

natural selection method

A

variation (organisms of species have different adaptations to each other due to mutation)
better adapted individuals can compete better, survive sudden changes in to environment (selection pressure)
more likely to pass on their advantageous characteristics to next generation by reproduction

24
Q

evidence for evolution

A

new species and fossils of old species look similar (new species better adaptations)
compare structure of biological molecules e.g. DNA, cytochrome C, amino acid sequence of proteins (if one species gave rise to another, biological molecules likely to be similar, more similar = more closely related)

25
Q

continuous variation definition

A

variation where two extremes and a full range of values in between
use histogram

26
Q

discontinuous variation definition

A

where there are distinct categories and nothing in between

use bar chart

27
Q

environmental variation definition

A

variation caused by response to environmental factors such as light intensity

28
Q

genetic variation definition

A

variation caused by possessing different combinations of alleles

29
Q

intraspecific variation definition

A

variation between members of same species

30
Q

interspecific variation definition

A

differences between species

31
Q

variation definition

A

presence of variety

differences between individuals

32
Q

combined effects definition

A

both environmental and genetic variation affect certain characteristics e.g. height, weight

33
Q

adaptation definition

A

characteristic that enhances survival in habitat

34
Q

anatomical adaptation definition

A

structural features modified to enhance survival

35
Q

behavioural adaptation definition

A

ways behaviours is modified for survival

36
Q

physiological adaptation definition

A

modified the way biochemical processes work in the organism

37
Q

convergent evolution definition

A

when 2 separate, unrelated species evolve to have similar characteristics

38
Q

standard deviation formula

A

s = square root of: sum(x-mean)^2 / (n - 1)

39
Q

standard deviation use

A

measure of variation (amount of variation from mean)
low = data more closely grouped = greater reliability of data
high = data more spread apart = less reliability

40
Q

Student’s t-test use

A

compares two means

test whether difference between 2 means is statistically significant

41
Q

Student’s t-test

A

t = (mean1 - mean2) / (square root of (s1^2/n) + (s2^2/n))

42
Q

how to use Student’s t-test

A

find Student’s t-test value
work out degrees of freedom (sample size - number of data sets)
compare to value of t at 5% significance level
t-test < t at 5% = not statistically significant = accept null hypothesis
t-test > t at 5% = statistically significant = reject null hypothesis

43
Q

null hypothesis example

A

there is no statistically significant difference between factor 1 and factor 2

44
Q

correlation coefficient / Spearman rank correlation use

A

shows whether 2 sets of data are correlated or not

45
Q

Spearman rank formula

A

rs = 1 - (6 times sum of difference between ranks squared) / no. of pairs of values(no. of pairs of values squared - 1)

46
Q

factors for natural selection of advantageous characteristics

A

genetic variation
selection pressure
reproductive success

47
Q

pesticide resistance method

A

pesticide acts as strong selection pressure
insects with no resistance will die
insects with some resistance more likely to survive and reproduce to pass on resistance characteristic
higher proportion of population have resistance

48
Q

problems with pesticide resistance

A

predators eat insects with larger dose of pesticide
pesticide can move up the food chain to humans, potentially dangerous (don’t break down in ecosystem)
pests become harder to control
more destruction of crops, higher cost for farmers

49
Q

antibiotic resistance method

A

presence of antibiotic = selection pressure
non-resistant bacteria die
resistant bacteria live longer and more likely to survive
can reproduce and pass on resistant characteristics so higher proportion of population are resistant

50
Q

causes and impact of antibiotic resistance

A

overuse of antibiotics
incorrect use of antibiotics (not completely finishing course as patient already feels better)
causes strains of antibacterial resistant bacteria (e.g. MRSA)

51
Q

Darwin observations and conclusions

A

offspring look similar to parents generally - characteristics passed down to next generation
no two individuals identical - genetic variation present
organisms have ability to produce lots of offspring - struggle to survive, better adapted individuals more likely to survive
population sizes in nature tend to remain fairly stable - struggle to survive, better adapted individuals more likely to survive

52
Q

term for evolution of a new species

A

speciation

A-Level Biology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions