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A-Level Biology > 4.2.1 Biodiversity > Flashcards

4.2.1 Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

biodiversity definition

A

range of habitats, number of different species, and their relative abundance, and the genetic diversity within a species within an area

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2
Q

habitat definition

A

where an organism lives

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3
Q

species definition

A

a group of organisms similar in appearance, physiology, and genetic whose members are able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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4
Q

habitat diversity definition

A

range of habitats in which different species live within an area

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5
Q

examples of habitats

A

sand dune
woodland
meadow
stream

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6
Q

species biodiversity definition

A

number of different species living in a habitat (species richness) and their relative abundance (species evenness)

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7
Q

genetic biodiversity definition

A

variation between individuals of the same species

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8
Q

why sampling is necessary to measure biodiversity in an area

A

too time-consuming to count entire population
allows estimation for entire habitat
needs to be representative of entire habitat so sample range of species in habitat

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9
Q

random sampling method

A

divide area into map/grid
use random number generator to create coordinates and sample area
take enough samples so data representative of habitat

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10
Q

types of non-random sampling

A

stratified
systematic
opportunistic

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11
Q

opportunistic sampling features

A

prior knowledge of site determines sample site

may deliberately sample area where you know organism is present

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12
Q

opportunistic advantages

A

quicker than random sampling

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13
Q

opportunistic disadvantages

A

may introduce bias

if sampling area known to have organism, overestimates its abundance/biodiversity generally

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14
Q

stratified sampling features

A

specifically sampling areas in a habitat that seem very different

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15
Q

stratified adv + disadv

A

no under representation of any areas (all different areas sampled)
areas overestimated if too many samples taken in proportionally smaller areas

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16
Q

systematic sampling features

A

samples taken at regular, predetermined intervals across habitat
uses belt/line transect

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17
Q

systematic advantages

A

line transfer shows how gradual change in an environment factor affects different plant species

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18
Q

systematic disadvantages

A

species that don’t fall on line may be missed out (underestimation of areas biodiversity, sample doesn’t become representative)

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19
Q

sampling technique for plants

A

place quadrat on sample sites (depends on sampling method
identify
plants in quadrat using key
measure/estimate abundance of each species

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20
Q

ways of measuring / estimating abundance of a species

A 
abundance scale (ACFOR)
estimate percentage cover
measure percentage cover using point frame
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21
Q

point frame

A

frame with 10 needles
place down 10 times on quadrat
each plant touching pin has 1% cover

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22
Q

ACFOR

A 
Abundant
Common
Frequent
Obvious
Rare
not very quantitative, very subjective
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23
Q

model answer for method of sampling plants

A

choose sampling method and select areas to be sampled
place quadrat
identify plant species in quadrat (using key)
record presence/absence of each species in each quadrat
estimate percentage cover (using point frame)
repeat to show repeatability and to identify anomalies
extrapolate data to estimate biodiversity

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24
Q

sampling animals facts

A

animals move so need to be trapped (smaller animals) or sampled visually (larger animals without trapping)

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25
Q

equipment needed when sampling habitat

A

suitable clothing and footwear for habitat
sampling apparatus
clipboard, pens and paper to record observations
keys appropriate to area to identify organisms
camera/smartphone to record specimens and grid location

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26
Q

mark-and-recapture technique

A 
capture sample of animals
mark each individual in harmless way (C1)
release marked animals
capture another sample (C2)
number of already marked animals = C3
population estimate = (C1xC2)/C3
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27
Q

factors affecting population estimate found using mark-and-recapture

A

animals learning trap is harmless and contains food

animals not liking experience and keep away from traps after first capture

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28
Q

pond/sweep nets

A

sweep nets in wide arcs to catch animals
identify and count on white background
used for small animals/insects living in water/low vegetation

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29
Q

pooter

A

sucks up animals into small container to stop them flying away
used for small animals/insects once caught in sweep nets/from trees

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30
Q

from trees

A

hit tree branches with stick to knock off animals into white tray/paper to identify and count
used for small animals/insects in trees

31
Q

pitfall trap

A

container buried in soil (just below soil), small animals / insects fall into it
water / stunning chemical used to stop them crawling out
should be sheltered in rain
used for small animals / insect on ground

32
Q

Tullgren funnel

A

leaf litter placed on mesh
light dries out leaf litter
animals go down, fall through mesh into a collecting jar
small animals / insects from leaf litter

33
Q

light trap

A

UV light attracts insects which fall into alcohol in trap

insects attracted to light at night

34
Q

Longworth trap

A

bait put in trap, snaps shut behind animals
leaves animal unharmed
can be marked, released and recaptured to estimate population size
trapping small animals e.g. mice

35
Q

surveying frequency of plants

A

use similar sampling method as before (quadrat)

calculate percentage cover

36
Q

measuring density of animals in a habitat

A

larger animals = observation
smaller animals = mark-and-recapture technique
tiny animals in soil = count individuals
animals in water = net to sift through body of water and mud then count

37
Q

Simpson’s index of diversity (D)

A

measure of diversity in a habitat
takes into account species richness and evenness

D = 1 - (sum of all (number of one species/total number of all species in the habitat)^2)

38
Q

Interpreting Simpson’s index of diversity

A

close to 1 = more biodiversity in habitat
suggests habitat is home to wide variety of different species
changes to one species won’t impact many individuals (in proportion to total number of individuals)
further from one = less biodiversity in habitat
suggest habitat dominated by few species
small change to one species could damage or destroy whole habitat

39
Q

measuring genetic diversity

A

more alleles of one locus = more observable variation between individuals in a same species
calculate percentage of polymorphic gene loci

40
Q

polymorphic gene loci

A

have 2 or more alleles

41
Q

locus definition

A

position of specific gene on chromosome

42
Q

human factors for biodiversity

A

human population growth
agriculture
climate change

43
Q

how human population growth affects biodiversity

A

clear out land for farming
extract and use natural resources (destroys habitats) e.g. hunting/fishing, fossil fuels
burning of fossil fuels for more energy (pollution)

44
Q

how agriculture affects biodiversity

A

monoculture: reduces genetic biodiversity (only one strain of species), crops more likely to die out of habitat factors suddenly change
selective breeding: reduces genetic biodiversity as ignores other traits in place for a select few desired traits, specific breeds become rare or die out
land cleared out for farming space

45
Q

genetic erosion definition

A

loss of alleles, reducing genetic diversity of species

46
Q

monoculture definition

A

when only one strain of a crop is farmed

makes harvesting of crops easier and cheaper

47
Q

how climate change affects biodiversity

A

changes in temperature and rainfall, caused by human activity
species with low genetic diversity may go extinct (unable to adapt)
may be forced to migrate (not always possible)
diseases may migrate, harming other ecosystems
monocultures (low genetic diversity) won’t be able to survive

48
Q

extinction definition

A

when the last living member of a species dies so species ceases to exist

49
Q

reason to maintain biodiversity

A

ecological reasons
economic reasons
aesthetic reasons

50
Q

ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A 
plants form habitats for other organisms
interdependence (loss of one species affects other species, part of food chain in ecosystem)
keystone species (have disproportionate effect on habitat relative to population size)
genetic resource for genetic engineering, selective breeding, medicine
51
Q

economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A

plant biodiversity encourages recycling of nutrients in soil , better ability to grow crops
monocultures deplete soil
deforestation can cause flooding (damages crops/buildings)
wood used for furniture making
could be a tourist attraction
could be a source of medicine/scientific research

52
Q

conservation ex situ definition

A

conserving an endangered species by activities that take place outside its normal environment

53
Q

when conversation ex situ is necessary

A

natural habitat destroyed/under threat by climate change/human activity
population in natural habitat very low
if reproduction in wild is difficult (low numbers)
breeding programmes allows increase in population size of species

54
Q

how conservation ex situ helps conservation of plants and animals

A

breeding ex situ maintains genetic diversity (if done properly)
allows protection from competition, grazes/poachers
allows protection from diseases

55
Q

how to set up captive breeding programmes for animals

A

collect animals from several different locations
increases genetic variation if geographical variation maintained
reduces risk of inbreeding, of losing all individuals to specific disease

minimise stress during capture and captivity

zoos have data on which individuals are related
zoos can exchange sperm and artificially inseminate for lower likelihood of inbreeding, better genetic variation

56
Q

advantages of ex situ for animals

A

health can be monitored, diseases treated
young hand reared (lowers chance of mortality of young)
provision of breeding mates controlled
protection from diseases, predation, hunting
competition reduced between individuals

57
Q

disadvantage of ex situ for animals

A 
expensive 
often don’t breed successfully (captive stress, no compatible mate, altered breeding cycle)
space limited (limit number of individuals, less genetic diversity and variation, may lead to inbreeding)
may be difficult to reintroduce species to wild
58
Q

why reintroduction of species into wild may be difficult

A

animals too tame (not afraid of humans/poachers)
unable to reintegrate to wild population
difficult to find food for themselves
may face predation
habitats may be destroyed

59
Q

conservation in situ definition

A

conserving a species in its normal habitat and attempting to minimise human impact on natural environment and protecting natural environment

60
Q

measures to help preserve species in wild

A 
ban hunting
create protected reserves
proving breeding sites
prevent habitat destruction 
monitoring species with tagging
feeding programmes
educate tourists on not feeding wild animals, not dropping litter
promotion of ecotourism (generate money to help preservation, create sperm + egg banks)
61
Q

advantages of in situ

A

cheaper than ex situ (conditions + food required fir survival may already be present)
species already well adapted to habitat
no special previsions needed to be made
can create protected reserves

62
Q

advantages of protected reserves

A

can ensure sustainable use of environment (land and resources)
allows for scientific research of ecosystem
permanently protects biodiversity in area
creates areas of interest for tourists

63
Q

disadvantages of conservation in situ

A

threats to survival of species may be present
human activity may threaten species (e..g hunting, deforestation)
disease could threaten survival of species
species could be outcompetes by other species

64
Q

CITES and its aims

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
prevent trade of endangered species
ensure trade doesn’t endanger wild populations
prohibit commercial trade in wild plants
allows some trade of less endangered plants and animals
allow trade in artificially propagated plants

65
Q

how CITES helps to save endangered species

A

countries in agreement make poaching illegal
ban trade of endangered species
increase cooperation between countries
increase awareness of impact of illegal trade

66
Q

Rio convention on Biological Diversity

A

International agreement by 150 governments
promotes sustainable development
recognises human needs for food, medicine, land, clean environment as well as maintaining biodiversity

67
Q

Rio convention of Biological Diversity aims

A

sustainable use of organisms/habitats/ecosystems
share genetic resources and access to scientific knowledge
promoting ex situ conservation methods
international cooperation of biodiversity issues
raising profile of biodiversity with governments / general public

68
Q

advantages of seed banks / botanic gardens

A

seeds collected from wild population won’t impact wild population too much (as produced in large numbers)
seeds stored in protected surroundings
compact so can be stored in large numbers
plants can breed asexually
can be used for research or reintroduction to the wild

69
Q

disadvantages of botanic gardens/seed banks

A

may be difficult to fund publicly
collecting wild seeds always causes some disturbance
collected samples may not have representative level of genetic diversity
seeds collected from one area genetically different from another area, may not succeed in different areas
seeds stored for long time may not be viable
asexual breeding reduces generic diversity (genetically identical offspring)
research done on small sample may not be valid for whole species

70
Q

how seeds stored

A

very dry / freezing conditions

regularly checked if seeds can germinate (as they deteriorate over time)

71
Q

Countryside Stewardship Scheme

A

introduced in England 1991
applied to land not to be in an environmentally sensitive area
paid farmers to enhance and conserve English landscapes

72
Q

Countryside Stewardship Scheme aims

A

improve natural beauty and diversity in countryside
enhance, restore and recreate landscapes, wildlife habitats and historical features
improve opportunities for public access

73
Q

Environmental Stewardship Scheme

A

replaced CSS in 2005

funds and advises farmers and other land managers to environmentally manage their land

74
Q

Environmental Stewardship Scheme aims

A

converse, enhance and promote countryside by:
look after wildlife, species and habitats
retain traditional character of land
protect historic features and natural resources
traditional livestock and crops conserved
opportunities for people to visit and learn about countryside

A-Level Biology (24 decks)

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