4-reading 2

Question 1

variability is ignorance

Answer 1

???

Question 2

???

Answer 2

variability is ignorance

Question 3

determinism

Answer 3

“hard”
everything has a cause

if you knew everything about the world, you could predict anything and everything

Question 4

everything has a cause

if you knew everything about the world, you could predict anything and everything

Answer 4

determinism

“hard”

Question 5

“soft” determinism

Answer 5

everything has a cause, you can predict some things, but others are unpredictable

Neuringer is this

Question 6

everything has a cause, you can predict some things, but others are unpredictable

Answer 6

“soft” determinism

Question 7

indeterminism

Answer 7

nothing, especially human behavior is predictable

Humans have free will

Question 8

nothing, especially human behavior is predictable

Humans have free will

Answer 8

indeterminism

Question 9

operant responses

Answer 9

controlled by reinforcers and discriminative stimuli

Question 10

controlled by reinforcers and discriminative stimuli

Answer 10

operant responses

Question 11

operant variability

how to maintain variability through schedules of reinforcement?

Answer 11

organism chooses to do different behaviors rather than just one

extinction of repeated responses

threshold or percentile schedule

lag schedule

Question 12

organism chooses to do different behaviors rather than just one

Answer 12

operant variability

Question 13

randomness

Answer 13

highest variability, can’t predict behavior

Question 14

highest variability, can’t predict behavior

Answer 14

randomness

Question 15

stochastic

Answer 15

it’s the same as random

Question 16

it’s the same as random

Answer 16

stochastic

Question 17

u-value

Answer 17

summarize the relative equality of response frequencies, which is one indication of stochastic generation

1. 0 = high variability
2. 0 = high repetition

Question 18

summarize the relative equality of response frequencies, which is one indication of stochastic generation

Answer 18

u-value

1. 0 = frequencies are equal
2. 0 = one possibility predominates

Question 19

interresponse time variability

Answer 19

Blough
reinforced pigeons only if the time between responses was different than the previous time between responses

typically show fixed/predictable response patterns, however when reinforcing random responses patterns they came to approximate a random model

Question 20

Blough
reinforced pigeons only if the time between responses was different than the previous time between responses

typically show fixed/predictable response patterns, however when reinforcing random responses patterns they came to approximate a random model

Answer 20

interresponse time variability

Question 21

response sequence variability

Answer 21

schwartz 1982

pigeons need to peck variably on a matrix. Couldn’t do it because of the matrix (same for a computer). Changed it to just be two keys

Question 22

schwartz 1982

pigeons need to peck variably on a matrix. Couldn’t do it because of the matrix (same for a computer). Changed it to just be two keys

Answer 22

response sequence variability

Question 23

response topography variability

Answer 23

creativity
only reinforced a new response over the course of the porpoises lifetimes

they created new tricks with no previous training

Question 24

creativity
only reinforced a new response over the course of the porpoises lifetimes

they created new tricks with no previous training

Answer 24

response topography variability

Question 25

random number generation

Answer 25

students respond on keys, has to be random after getting feedback... their responses were so variable, it was indistinguishable from the random generationa

Question 26

students respond on keys, has to be random after getting feedback... their responses were so variable

Answer 26

random number generation

Question 27

precise control by reinforcement

Answer 27

Machado(1989) found that, just like these other dimensions, variability was precisely controlled by the reinforcement contingencies and, as is often found in the other cases, reinforcement frequencies exerted relatively little control. Machado’s (1989) pigeons generated the levels of vari-ability that were required by the contingencies, but theoverall frequencies of reinforcement had almost no influ-ence

Question 28

Machado(1989) found that, just like these other dimensions, variability was precisely controlled by the reinforcement contingencies and, as is often found in the other cases, reinforcement frequencies exerted relatively little control. Machado’s (1989) pigeons generated the levels of vari-ability that were required by the contingencies, but theoverall frequencies of reinforcement had almost no influ-ence

Answer 28

precise control by reinforcement

Question 29

control by discriminative stimuli

Answer 29

pigeon learned to change behavior based on what color the key lights were

Question 30

pigeon learned to change behavior based on what color the key lights were

Answer 30

control by discriminative stimuli

Question 31

What are the three sources of operant variability?

Answer 31

random environmental events memory for prior responses endogenous stochastic generation

Question 32

random environmental events

Answer 32

mainly humans | flip a coin to decide what to do

Question 33

mainly humans | flip a coin to decide what to do

Answer 33

random environmental events

Question 34

memory for prior responses

Answer 34

remembering what behavior has been done and not doing them again

Question 35

remembering what behavior has been done and not doing them again

Answer 35

memory for prior responses

Question 36

endogenous stochastic generation

Answer 36

biological randomness e. g. some sort of mechanism in pigeon that "flips a coin" and pick their behavior this way * most accepted method but none are confirmed correct

Question 37

biological randomness e.g. some sort of mechanism in pigeon that "flips a coin" and pick their behavior this wayq

Answer 37

endogenous stochastic generation *most accepted method but none are confirmed correct

Question 38

What are three functions of variability?

Answer 38

operant learning problem solving creativity

Question 39

ADHD

Answer 39

behave to variably

Question 40

behave to variably

Answer 40

ADHD

Question 41

Depression

Answer 41

behave too repetitively

Question 42

behave too repetitively

Answer 42

depression

Question 43

autism

Answer 43

also behaves to repetitively

Question 44

also behaves to repetitively

Answer 44

autism

Question 45

What are the two implications of operant variability?

Answer 45

voluntary action everyday behavior

Question 46

voluntary action

Answer 46

1. an individual who manifests voluntary behavior is able to respond in a way that even the most knowledge able observer cannot predict 2. variability will not alone suffice, need functionality (manifest by attempts to satisfy a need, attain a goal, or be reinforced)