2-Chapter 4 Flashcards by Emily Tucker

blocking

the finding that there is little or no conditioning to a stimulus if it is presented along with a previously conditioned stimulus on conditioning trials.

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the finding that there is little or no conditioning to a stimulus if it is presented along with a previously conditioned stimulus on conditioning trials.

blocking

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frequency principle

The more frequently two stimuli are paired, the more strongly will an individual associate the two.

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The more frequently two stimuli are paired, the more strongly will an individual associate the two.

frequency principle

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Kamin (1968)

his experiment contradicted the frequency principle

rats control vs block group

Block: 1-L+; 2-LT+; Test-T; Results-T no fear

Control: 1-n/a; 2-LT+; Test-T; Results-T fear

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blocking experiment with control vs block rats with light, tone, and shock

Kamin (1968)

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Rescorla Wagner model

two factors of importance:
1) what the subjects expects to happen

2) what actually happens

All about surprise

has six rules

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the thing that’s all about surprise

has six rules

rescorla wagner

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What page in textbook are the six rules on?

77-78

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rule 1

strength of US > strength of expectation, will learn (excitatory conditioning)

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strength of US > strength of expectation, will learn (excitatory conditioning)

rule 1

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rule 2

strength of US < strength of expectation, extinction (inhibitory conditioning)

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strength of US < strength of expectation, extinction (inhibitory conditioning)

rule 2

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rule 3

strength of US = strength of expectation, no conditioning

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strength of US = strength of expectation, no conditioning

rule 3

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rule 4

more conditioning if the difference between US and expectation is greater

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more conditioning if the difference between US and expectation is greater

rule 4

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rule 5

more salience of CS, more conditioning

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more salience of CS, more conditioning

rule 5

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rule 6

2+ stimuli added together, expectation will = stimuli 1’s reinforcer + stimuli 2’s reinforcer

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2+ stimuli added together, expectation will = stimuli 1’s reinforcer + stimuli 2’s reinforcer

rule 6

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acquisition and what rules apply

beginning of conditioning

rule 1 applies

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beginning of conditioning

acquisition

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blocking and what rules apply

previous exposure to CS limits learning a new CS

rule 1, 3, 6 apply

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previous exposure to CS limits learning a new CS

blocking

extinction and what rules apply

CS alone, no US rule 2 applies

CS alone, no US

extinction

conditioned inhibition and what rules apply

combination of stimuli with no US rules 2, 6 apply

combination of stimuli with no US

conditioned inhibition

overshadowing and what rules apply

present large stimulus and small stimulus at the same time rules 1, 3, 5, 6 apply

present large stimulus and small stimulus at the same time

overshadowing

over expectation and what rules apply

one stimuli gets 2 food pellets an one stimuli gets 1 food pellet, expect when both stimuli presented get 3 rule 6 applies

one stimuli gets 2 food pellets an one stimuli gets 1 food pellet, expect when both stimuli presented get 3

over expectation

theories of attention

classical conditioning focus on how much attention the learner pays to the CS pay attention to the informative CS and not the uninformative CS

CS preexposure effect

classical conditioning proceeds more slowly if a CS is repeatedly presented by itself before it is paired with the US

CS preexposure effect

comparator theories

animal compares the likelihood that the US will occur in the presence of the CS with the likelihood that the US will occur in the absence of the CS

comparator theories

first-order conditioning

basic pairing of US with CS supports S-S

basic pairing of US with CS

first-order conditioning

second-order conditioning

pairing a new CS along with an already existing CS/US combo supports S-R

pairing a new CS along with an already existing CS/US combo

second-order conditioning

contextual stimuli

the sights, sounds, and smells of the experimental chamber

contextual stimuli

sensory preconditioning

two CS associations are paired CS-CS

two CS associations are paired

sensory preconditioning CS-CS

occasion setting

conditioning, a stimulus that does not itself elicit a response, but its presence causes another stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. For example, after presentation of a light, a tone might be followed by the delivery of food. In the absence of the light, the tone is not followed by food. If the tone is effective in eliciting salivation only after the light is presented, the light is designated as an occasion setter.

conditioning, a stimulus that does not itself elicit a response, but its presence causes another stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

occasion setting For example, after presentation of a light, a tone might be followed by the delivery of food. In the absence of the light, the tone is not followed by food. If the tone is effective in eliciting salivation only after the light is presented, the light is designated as an occasion setter.

taste aversion learning

violates the contiguity and frequency principles eat food, get sick, no eat food

eat food, get sick, no eat food

taste aversion learning

contiguity principle

how closely timed the pairing of US and CS are taste aversion violates this

how closely timed the pairing of US and CS are

contiguity principle taste aversion violates this

biological preparedness

animal has an innate propensity to form such associations quickly and easily

biological preparedness

biological constraints

e.g. rats better at tasting sour than seeing blue vs quails better at seeing blue and also has a little tasting sour

biological constraints

drug tolerance

when a drug is administered repeatedly, larger and larger doses may be needed to produce the same effect

drug tolerance

craving

desire to use a drug, usually caused by a conditioned compensatory response

craving

conditioned opponent theories

conditioned opponent responses involve the physiological effect of the body counteracting the drug CS -> CR = counteraction

conditioned opponent responses involve the physiological effect of the body counteracting the drug

conditioned opponent theories CS -> CR = counteraction

Five major physiological findings:

1) neural pathway for CR and UR are different 2) simple CR involves many different brain structures 3) different conditioning = different brain locals 4) different CRs involve different brain locals 5) individual neurons linked to acquisition phase of CR