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PSY 3400 > 4-chapter 7 > Flashcards

4-chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

positive reinforcement

A

a behavior increases in frequency if some stimulus is added after the behavior occurs

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2
Q

a behavior increases in frequency if some stimulus is added after the behavior occurs

A

positive reinforcement

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3
Q

negative reinforcement

A

a behavior increases in frequency if some stimulus is removed after the behavior occurs

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4
Q

a behavior increases in frequency if some stimulus is removed after the behavior occurs

A

negative reinforcement

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5
Q

positive punishment

A

a behavior decreases in frequency if some stimulus is added after the behavior occurs

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6
Q

a behavior decreases in frequency if some stimulus is added after the behavior occurs

A

positive punishment

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7
Q

negative punishment

A

a behavior decreases in frequency if some stimulus is removed after the behavior occurs

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8
Q

a behavior decreases in frequency if some stimulus is removed after the behavior occurs

A

negative punishment

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9
Q

escape

A

performing a response leads to the termination of an aversive stimulus

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10
Q

performing a response leads to the termination of an aversive stimulus

A

escape

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11
Q

avoidance

A

performing a response prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring in the first place

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12
Q

performing a response prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring in the first place

A

avoidance

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13
Q

avoidance paradox

A

the puzzle about how the nonoccurrence of an aversive event can serve as a reinforcer for an avoidance response

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14
Q

the puzzle about how the nonoccurrence of an aversive event can serve as a reinforcer for an avoidance response

A

avoidance paradox

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15
Q

two-factor theory

A

classical conditioning and operant condition gin are both necessary for avoidance responses to occur

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16
Q

classical conditioning and operant condition gin are both necessary for avoidance responses to occur

A

two-factor theory

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17
Q

one-factor theory

A

only operant conditioning is important for avoidance responses to occur

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18
Q

only operant conditioning is important for avoidance responses to occur

A

one-factor theory

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19
Q

cognitive theory of avoidance

A

avoidance response when (1) an aversive event if no response made and (2) aversive event avoided if a response is made

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20
Q

avoidance response when (1) an aversive event if no response made and (2) aversive event avoided if a response is made

A

cognitive theory of avoidance

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21
Q

response blocking

A

presenting the signal that precedes shock but preventing the subject from making the avoidance response

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22
Q

presenting the signal that precedes shock but preventing the subject from making the avoidance response

A

response blocking

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23
Q

flooding

A

a treatment for phobias in which a patient is presented with a highly fear object or situation, which is not removed until the patient’s fear diminishes

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24
Q

a treatment for phobias in which a patient is presented with a highly fear object or situation, which is not removed until the patient’s fear diminishes

A

flooding

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25
species-specific defense reactions
an innate defensive reaction that occurs when an animal encounters any kind of new or sudden stimulus in the wild freezing, feeling, or fighting
26
an innate defensive reaction that occurs when an animal encounters any kind of new or sudden stimulus in the wild freezing, feeling, or fighting
species-specific defense reactions
27
learned helplessness
develop the expectation that their behavior has little effect on their environment, and this expectation may generalize to a wide range of situations
28
develop the expectation that their behavior has little effect on their environment, and this expectation may generalize to a wide range of situations
learned helplessness
29
immunization
learned helplessness can be prevented in the first place through _______ e.g. a rat might first be exposed to a situation of escapable shocks, then a situation of inescapable shocks, then new response provides escape. The initial experience with escapable shock blocks the onset of learned helplessness
30
learned helplessness can be prevented in the first place through _______
immunization e.g. a rat might first be exposed to a situation of escapable shocks, then a situation of inescapable shocks, then new response provides escape. The initial experience with escapable shock blocks the onset of learned helplessness
31
learned optimism
people practice thinking about potentially bad situations in more positive ways
32
people practice thinking about potentially bad situations in more positive ways
learned optimism
33
punishment
it's the opposite of reinforcement. Decreases a behavior
34
it's the opposite of reinforcement. Decreases a behavior
punishment
35
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment: | Manner of Introduction
large permanent decrease in behavior, punisher immediately introduced at its full intensity little or no effect on behavior if gradually approached through successive approximations
36
large permanent decrease in behavior, punisher immediately introduced at its full intensity little or no effect on behavior if gradually approached through successive approximations
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment: | Manner of Introduction
37
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment: | Immediacy of Punishment
a punisher that immediately follows a response is most effective in decreasing the frequency of the response
38
a punisher that immediately follows a response is most effective in decreasing the frequency of the response
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment: | Immediacy of Punishment
39
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment: | Schedule of Punishment
the most effective way to eliminate a behavior is to punish every response rather than to use some intermittent schedule of reinforcement
40
the most effective way to eliminate a behavior is to punish every response rather than to use some intermittent schedule of reinforcement
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment: | Schedule of Punishment
41
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment: | Motivation to Respond
the effectiveness of a punishment procedure is inversely related to the intensity of the subject's motivation to respond
42
the effectiveness of a punishment procedure is inversely related to the intensity of the subject's motivation to respond
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment: | Motivation to Respond
43
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment: | Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors
punishment is much more effective when the individual is provided with an alternative way to obtain the reinforcer
44
punishment is much more effective when the individual is provided with an alternative way to obtain the reinforcer
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment: | Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors
45
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment: | Punishment as a SD
the punishment can be the SD e.g. SIB bring the individual the reinforcer of sympathy and attention. It's the SD
46
the punishment can be the SD e.g. SIB bring the individual the reinforcer of sympathy and attention. It's the SD
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment: | Punishment as a SD
47
What are the disadvantages of using punishment?
emotional effects (fear, anger, etc) general suppression of (other/all) behavior monitoring (can't always be watching) escape (from the situation) aggression against the punisher reluctance of behavior-change agent (using punishment) ethics
48
behavior decelerator
refer to any technique that can lead to a slowing, reduction, or elimination of unwanted behaviors
49
refer to any technique that can lead to a slowing, reduction, or elimination of unwanted behaviors
behavior decelerator
50
Positive Punishment: voluntary behaviors
scolding and reprimanding a child for bad behavior use a soft or private reprimand so other children can't hear
51
scolding and reprimanding a child for bad behavior use a soft or private reprimand so other children can't hear
Positive Punishment: voluntary behaviors
52
Positive Punishment: involuntary behaviors
e.g. mild punisher to reduce the frequency of bruxism (gnashing and grinding of one's teeth while asleep). Wore a device that gave a 2-sec burst of noise in the client' ear whenever they ground their teeth. Rate of bruxism decreased.
53
e.g. mild punisher to reduce the frequency of bruxism (gnashing and grinding of one's teeth while asleep). Wore a device that gave a 2-sec burst of noise in the client' ear whenever they ground their teeth. Rate of bruxism decreased.
Positive Punishment: involuntary behaviors
54
Negative Punishment: Response Cost
the loss of token, money, or other conditioned reinforcers following the occurrence of undesirable behaviors
55
the loss of token, money, or other conditioned reinforcers following the occurrence of undesirable behaviors
Negative Punishment: Response Cost
56
Negative Punishment: Time-Out
one or more desirable stimuli are temporarily removed if the individual performs some unwanted behavior
57
one or more desirable stimuli are temporarily removed if the individual performs some unwanted behavior
Negative Punishment: Time-Out
58
overcorrection
if an individual performs an undesired behavior, the parent, therapist, or teacher requires several repetition of an alternate, more desirable behavior
59
if an individual performs an undesired behavior, the parent, therapist, or teacher requires several repetition of an alternate, more desirable behavior
overcorrection
60
extinction
removing what was previously reinforcing
61
removing what was previously reinforcing
extinction
62
escape extinction
undesired behavior is maintained by escape from some situation the individual does not like e.g. not letting a kid leave until they eat all their food
63
undesired behavior is maintained by escape from some situation the individual does not like
escape extinction
64
response blocking
physically restraining the individual to prevent the inappropriate behavior
65
physically restraining the individual to prevent the inappropriate behavior
response blocking
66
DRA
extinction of inappropriate behaviors can be combined with reinforcement of more appropriate behaviors
67
extinction of inappropriate behaviors can be combined with reinforcement of more appropriate behaviors
DRA
68
stimulus satiation
present so much of the reinforcer that it loses its effectiveness
69
present so much of the reinforcer that it loses its effectiveness
stimulus satiation

PSY 3400 (15 decks)

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