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PSY 3400 > 4-chapter 7 > Flashcards

4-chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

positive reinforcement

A

a behavior increases in frequency if some stimulus is added after the behavior occurs

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2
Q

a behavior increases in frequency if some stimulus is added after the behavior occurs

A

positive reinforcement

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3
Q

negative reinforcement

A

a behavior increases in frequency if some stimulus is removed after the behavior occurs

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4
Q

a behavior increases in frequency if some stimulus is removed after the behavior occurs

A

negative reinforcement

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5
Q

positive punishment

A

a behavior decreases in frequency if some stimulus is added after the behavior occurs

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6
Q

a behavior decreases in frequency if some stimulus is added after the behavior occurs

A

positive punishment

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7
Q

negative punishment

A

a behavior decreases in frequency if some stimulus is removed after the behavior occurs

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8
Q

a behavior decreases in frequency if some stimulus is removed after the behavior occurs

A

negative punishment

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9
Q

escape

A

performing a response leads to the termination of an aversive stimulus

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10
Q

performing a response leads to the termination of an aversive stimulus

A

escape

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11
Q

avoidance

A

performing a response prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring in the first place

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12
Q

performing a response prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring in the first place

A

avoidance

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13
Q

avoidance paradox

A

the puzzle about how the nonoccurrence of an aversive event can serve as a reinforcer for an avoidance response

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14
Q

the puzzle about how the nonoccurrence of an aversive event can serve as a reinforcer for an avoidance response

A

avoidance paradox

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15
Q

two-factor theory

A

classical conditioning and operant condition gin are both necessary for avoidance responses to occur

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16
Q

classical conditioning and operant condition gin are both necessary for avoidance responses to occur

A

two-factor theory

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17
Q

one-factor theory

A

only operant conditioning is important for avoidance responses to occur

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18
Q

only operant conditioning is important for avoidance responses to occur

A

one-factor theory

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19
Q

cognitive theory of avoidance

A

avoidance response when (1) an aversive event if no response made and (2) aversive event avoided if a response is made

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20
Q

avoidance response when (1) an aversive event if no response made and (2) aversive event avoided if a response is made

A

cognitive theory of avoidance

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21
Q

response blocking

A

presenting the signal that precedes shock but preventing the subject from making the avoidance response

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22
Q

presenting the signal that precedes shock but preventing the subject from making the avoidance response

A

response blocking

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23
Q

flooding

A

a treatment for phobias in which a patient is presented with a highly fear object or situation, which is not removed until the patient’s fear diminishes

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24
Q

a treatment for phobias in which a patient is presented with a highly fear object or situation, which is not removed until the patient’s fear diminishes

A

flooding

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25
Q

species-specific defense reactions

A

an innate defensive reaction that occurs when an animal encounters any kind of new or sudden stimulus in the wild

freezing, feeling, or fighting

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26
Q

an innate defensive reaction that occurs when an animal encounters any kind of new or sudden stimulus in the wild

freezing, feeling, or fighting

A

species-specific defense reactions

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27
Q

learned helplessness

A

develop the expectation that their behavior has little effect on their environment, and this expectation may generalize to a wide range of situations

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28
Q

develop the expectation that their behavior has little effect on their environment, and this expectation may generalize to a wide range of situations

A

learned helplessness

29
Q

immunization

A

learned helplessness can be prevented in the first place through _______

e.g. a rat might first be exposed to a situation of escapable shocks, then a situation of inescapable shocks, then new response provides escape. The initial experience with escapable shock blocks the onset of learned helplessness

30
Q

learned helplessness can be prevented in the first place through _______

A

immunization

e.g. a rat might first be exposed to a situation of escapable shocks, then a situation of inescapable shocks, then new response provides escape. The initial experience with escapable shock blocks the onset of learned helplessness

31
Q

learned optimism

A

people practice thinking about potentially bad situations in more positive ways

32
Q

people practice thinking about potentially bad situations in more positive ways

A

learned optimism

33
Q

punishment

A

it’s the opposite of reinforcement. Decreases a behavior

34
Q

it’s the opposite of reinforcement. Decreases a behavior

A

punishment

35
Q

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment:

Manner of Introduction

A

large permanent decrease in behavior, punisher immediately introduced at its full intensity

little or no effect on behavior if gradually approached through successive approximations

36
Q

large permanent decrease in behavior, punisher immediately introduced at its full intensity

little or no effect on behavior if gradually approached through successive approximations

A

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment:

Manner of Introduction

37
Q

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment:

Immediacy of Punishment

A

a punisher that immediately follows a response is most effective in decreasing the frequency of the response

38
Q

a punisher that immediately follows a response is most effective in decreasing the frequency of the response

A

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment:

Immediacy of Punishment

39
Q

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment:

Schedule of Punishment

A

the most effective way to eliminate a behavior is to punish every response rather than to use some intermittent schedule of reinforcement

40
Q

the most effective way to eliminate a behavior is to punish every response rather than to use some intermittent schedule of reinforcement

A

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment:

Schedule of Punishment

41
Q

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment:

Motivation to Respond

A

the effectiveness of a punishment procedure is inversely related to the intensity of the subject’s motivation to respond

42
Q

the effectiveness of a punishment procedure is inversely related to the intensity of the subject’s motivation to respond

A

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment:

Motivation to Respond

43
Q

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment:

Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors

A

punishment is much more effective when the individual is provided with an alternative way to obtain the reinforcer

44
Q

punishment is much more effective when the individual is provided with an alternative way to obtain the reinforcer

A

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment:

Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors

45
Q

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment:

Punishment as a SD

A

the punishment can be the SD

e.g. SIB bring the individual the reinforcer of sympathy and attention. It’s the SD

46
Q

the punishment can be the SD

e.g. SIB bring the individual the reinforcer of sympathy and attention. It’s the SD

A

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment:

Punishment as a SD

47
Q

What are the disadvantages of using punishment?

A

emotional effects (fear, anger, etc)

general suppression of (other/all) behavior

monitoring (can’t always be watching)

escape (from the situation)

aggression against the punisher

reluctance of behavior-change agent (using punishment)

ethics

48
Q

behavior decelerator

A

refer to any technique that can lead to a slowing, reduction, or elimination of unwanted behaviors

49
Q

refer to any technique that can lead to a slowing, reduction, or elimination of unwanted behaviors

A

behavior decelerator

50
Q

Positive Punishment: voluntary behaviors

A

scolding and reprimanding a child for bad behavior

use a soft or private reprimand so other children can’t hear

51
Q

scolding and reprimanding a child for bad behavior

use a soft or private reprimand so other children can’t hear

A

Positive Punishment: voluntary behaviors

52
Q

Positive Punishment: involuntary behaviors

A

e.g. mild punisher to reduce the frequency of bruxism (gnashing and grinding of one’s teeth while asleep). Wore a device that gave a 2-sec burst of noise in the client’ ear whenever they ground their teeth. Rate of bruxism decreased.

53
Q

e.g. mild punisher to reduce the frequency of bruxism (gnashing and grinding of one’s teeth while asleep). Wore a device that gave a 2-sec burst of noise in the client’ ear whenever they ground their teeth. Rate of bruxism decreased.

A

Positive Punishment: involuntary behaviors

54
Q

Negative Punishment: Response Cost

A

the loss of token, money, or other conditioned reinforcers following the occurrence of undesirable behaviors

55
Q

the loss of token, money, or other conditioned reinforcers following the occurrence of undesirable behaviors

A

Negative Punishment: Response Cost

56
Q

Negative Punishment: Time-Out

A

one or more desirable stimuli are temporarily removed if the individual performs some unwanted behavior

57
Q

one or more desirable stimuli are temporarily removed if the individual performs some unwanted behavior

A

Negative Punishment: Time-Out

58
Q

overcorrection

A

if an individual performs an undesired behavior, the parent, therapist, or teacher requires several repetition of an alternate, more desirable behavior

59
Q

if an individual performs an undesired behavior, the parent, therapist, or teacher requires several repetition of an alternate, more desirable behavior

A

overcorrection

60
Q

extinction

A

removing what was previously reinforcing

61
Q

removing what was previously reinforcing

A

extinction

62
Q

escape extinction

A

undesired behavior is maintained by escape from some situation the individual does not like

e.g. not letting a kid leave until they eat all their food

63
Q

undesired behavior is maintained by escape from some situation the individual does not like

A

escape extinction

64
Q

response blocking

A

physically restraining the individual to prevent the inappropriate behavior

65
Q

physically restraining the individual to prevent the inappropriate behavior

A

response blocking

66
Q

DRA

A

extinction of inappropriate behaviors can be combined with reinforcement of more appropriate behaviors

67
Q

extinction of inappropriate behaviors can be combined with reinforcement of more appropriate behaviors

A

DRA

68
Q

stimulus satiation

A

present so much of the reinforcer that it loses its effectiveness

69
Q

present so much of the reinforcer that it loses its effectiveness

A

stimulus satiation

PSY 3400 (15 decks)

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