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PSYC3310 > 4 CULTURAL BELIEFS > Flashcards

4 CULTURAL BELIEFS Flashcards

1
Q

commonly held norms moral studs of cultures

A

CULTURAL BELIEFS

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2
Q

set of ideas + understandings (both implicit + explicit) abt persons/society/nature/divinity that serve as a GUIDE TO LIFE in a particular culture

A

SYMBOLIC INHERITANCE

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3
Q

this set of ideas = expressed thru
- stories
- songs
- rituals
- sacred objects
- sacred places

A

SYMBOLIC INHERITANCE

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4
Q

defined social positions in a culture containing specifications of bhvr/status/relations w others

A

ROLES

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5
Q

cultural beliefs abt kinds of work/appearance/other aspects of bhvr that distinguish women from men

A

GENDER ROLES

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6
Q

John = expected to be a warrior in his youth but then should give up that role by middle adulthood to become part of council of elders = EX OF…

A

AGE-RELATED ROLES

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7
Q

working-class young men have distinctive dress/lang/bhvr in England = EX OF…

A

SOCIAL CLASS ROLES

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8
Q

ados become MORE AWATE of cultural beliefs bc of INCR COG CAPACITIES for ___ ___/___-___ + bc they are ___ to value certain beliefs/bhvr

A

ABSTRACT THINKING/SELF-REFLECTION; SOCIALIZED

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9
Q

process by which ppl acquire the bhvrs/beliefs of the culture in which they live

A

SOCIALIZATION

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10
Q
  1. SELF-REGULATION
  2. ROLE PREP
  3. SOURCES OF MEANING
A

3 CENTRAL OUTCOMES OF SOCIALIZATION SHARED BY ALL CULTURES

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11
Q

OUTCOME OF SOCIALIZATION: capacity for exercising SELF-CONTROL in order to restrain one’s impulses + comply w social norms

A

SELF-REGULATION

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12
Q

internal monitor of whether you are complying adequately w social norms

A

CONSCIENCE

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13
Q

OUTCOME OF SOCIALIZATION: included prep for occupational/gender/institutional roles (such as marriage/parenthood)

A

ROLE PREP

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14
Q

OUTCOME OF SOCIALIZATION: ideas/beliefs that ppl learn indicating wats important/valued/lived for + how to explain + offer consolation for indiv’s morality

A

SOURCES OF MEANING

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15
Q

SOCIALIZATION OUTCOMES can be taught either ___ (thru rlgs teachings) or ___ (thru fam customs)

A

EXPLICITLY; IMPLICITLY

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16
Q
  1. INFANCY: SELF-REGULATION = learned
  2. ADO: regulation of sexual impulses/sexual maturity
  3. LATER IN PUBERTY: young ppl reach full size/strength
  4. ADO/EMERGING ADULTHOOD: ROLE PREP = more important
A

SOCIALIZATION PROCESS THROUGHOUT DEVELOPMENT

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17
Q

cultures that place more value on INDEPENDENCE/SELF-EXPRESSION

A

INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES

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18
Q

conception of self in INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES in which self = seen as existing INDEPENDENTLY of relations w others, w emphasis on INDEPENDENCE/INDIV FREEDOM/INDIV ACHIEVEMENTS

A

INDEPENDENT SELF

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19
Q

cultures that place more value on OBEDIENCE CONFORMITY

A

COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURES

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20
Q

conception of self in COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURES in which self = seen as defined by ROLES/RELATIONSHIPS IN GROUP

A

INTERDEPENDENT SELF

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21
Q

WESTER CULTURES are ___ + EASTER CULTURES = ___

A

INDIVIDUALISTIC; COLLECTIVISTIC

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22
Q

INDIVIDUALISM/COLLECTIVISM describe ___/___ ___ NOT the beliefs/value of EVERY person

A

TENDENCIES/GENERAL PATTERNS

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23
Q

CHINESES young ppl = MORE likely than WESTERN young ppl to value:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. ROLE TRANSITIONS (getting married as criteria for entering adulthood, etc)
  2. NORM COMPLIANCE (avoiding getting drunk, etc)
  3. FAMILY CAPACITIES (being able to support fam, etc)
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24
Q
  • accepting responsibility for one’s actions
  • establishing equal relationship w parents
  • learning to control emotions
  • becoming less self-centred + more considerate of others
A

ATTRIBUTES OF RELATIONAL MATURITY

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25
Q

INDIV CULTURES favour ___ SOCIALIZATION (encourage uniqueness/indep/self-expression) + COLLECT CULTURES favour ___ SOCIALIZATION (encourage obedience/conformity)

A

BROAD; NARROW

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26
Q

process by which persons of INDIV CULTURE come to learn INDIVIDUALISM including values of INDIV UNIQUENESS/INDEP/SELF-EXPRESSION

A

BROAD SOCIALIZATION

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27
Q

process by which persons of COLLECT CULTURE come to learn COLLECTIVISM including values of OBEDIENCE/CONFORMITY

A

NARROW SOCIALIZATION

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28
Q
  1. FAMILY
  2. PEERS/FRIENDS
  3. SCHOOL
  4. COMMUNITY
  5. WORKPLACE
  6. MEDIA
  7. LEGAL SYSTEM
  8. CULTURAL BELIEFS
A

8 SOURCES OF SOCIALIZATION

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29
Q

the customary practice + associated beliefs/values/sanctions/rules/motives/satisfactions that provide the basis of customary practice

A

CUSTOM COMPLEX

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30
Q
  • ados/emerging adults should be allowed to have independent leisure time
  • young ppl should have right to choose relationships
  • some degree of sexual experience before marriage = acceptable/healthy for young ppl
A

WESTERN CULTURAL BELIEFS ABOUT DATING/FRIENDS

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31
Q
  • young ppl should spend leisure time w fams
  • young ppl should allow parents to make decisions about who they have relationships w
  • young ppl’s sexual experiences should only begin AFTER marriage
A

OTHER (COLLECT) CULTURAL BELIEFS ABOUT DATING/FRIENDS

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32
Q

smith act occurs NATURALLY in course of devmt as part of NORMAL maturation (rather than by envmt stimulation/specific cultural practice)

A

ONTOGENETIC

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33
Q

ados at 13/14/15 naturally start dating

A

EXAMPLE OF ONTOGENETIC THING

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34
Q

ideas based on NONRLGS beliefs/values

A

SECULAR

35
Q

adherence to rlgs beliefs/practices = especially ___ among ados in EUROPE

A

LOW

36
Q

AMERICANS = ___ RLGS than ppl in any other developed country

A

MORE

37
Q
  • LOW rate alc/drug abuse
  • LESS depressed
  • LOW rates premarital sex/delinquent bhvr
  • BETTER relationships w parents
  • MORE likely to perform volunteer service in community
A

ATTRIBUTES ASSOC W HIGHER RELIGIOSITY

38
Q

month in MUSLIM year that commemorates revelation of the KORAN from God to prophet Muhammad, requiring FASTING from sunrise-sunset each day + refraining from sensual indulgences

A

RAMADAN

39
Q

atheists/agnostics/spiritual but not rlgs/just not rlgs

A

THE “NONES”

40
Q

EUROS = ___ rlgs than AMERICANS

A

LESS

41
Q

formation of relatively coherent set of principles related to establishment of values + a philosophy of life

A

MORAL DEVMT

42
Q

PIAGET suggested that ___ = dependent on COG DEVMT

A

MATURITY

43
Q

PRE-OPERATIONAL reasoning stage where judgements = made based on OBEDIENCE

A

HETERONORMOUS MORALITY

44
Q
  • goodness = judged by whether one = obedient without regard for circumstances
  • anyone who disobeys deserves to be PUNISHED
A

ATTRIBUTES OF HETERONORMOUS MORALITY

45
Q

morality reached when FORMAL OPERATIONS emerge at beginning of ado that involves realization that rules = social conventions that can be CHANGED

A

AUTONOMOUS MORALITY

46
Q
  • morality becomes more COMPLEX
  • ados take into account MOTIVATIONS behind actions
A

ATTRIBUTES OF AUTONOMOUS MORALITY

47
Q

dude who viewed MORAL DEVMT as based on COG DEVMT such that moral thinking CHANGES in PREDICTABLE ways as cog abilities develop, regardless of culture

A

LAWRENCE KOHLBERG

48
Q
  1. PRE-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL 1 (SELF-CENTRED)
  2. CONVENTIONAL LEVEL 2 (SOCIALLY-CENTRED)
  3. POST-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL 3 (CENTRED ON PRINCIPLES)
A

3 MAIN LEVELS OF KOHLBERGS MODEL OF MORAL DEVMT

49
Q
  1. PUNISHMENT + OBEDIENCE ORIENTATION
  2. INDIVIDUALISM + PURPOSE ORIENTATION
A

2 STAGES WITHIN PRE-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL OF KOHLBERGS MODEL

50
Q
  1. INTERPERSONAL CONCORDANCE ORIENTATION
  2. SOCIAL SYSTEMS ORIENTATION
A

2 STAGES WITHIN CONVENTIONAL LEVEL OF KOHLBERGS MODEL

51
Q
  1. COMMUNITY RIGHTS + INDIV RIGHTS ORIENTATION
  2. UNIVERSAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES ORIENTATION
A

2 STAGES WITHIN POST-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL OF KOHLBERGS MODEL

52
Q

level of KOHLBERGS model in which concepts of RIGHT + WRONG = SELF-CENTRED

A

PRE-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL

53
Q

PRE-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL STAGE in which rules should be OBEYED to AVOID punishment from authority

A

PUNISHMENT + OBEDIENCE ORIENTATION

54
Q

PRE-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL STAGE in which wats right = wat satisfies one’s own needs/occasionally the needs of others + wat leads to REWARDS for oneself

A

INDIVIDUALISM + PURPOSE ORIENTATION

55
Q

level of KOHLBERGS model in which morality = SOCIALL-CENTRED

A

CONVENTIONAL LEVEL

56
Q

CONVENTIONAL LEVEL STAGE in which care/loyalty to others = emphasized + it is good to conform to wat others expect in a certain role

A

INTERPERSONAL CONCORDANCE ORIENTATION

57
Q

CONVENTIONAL LEVEL STAGE in which moral judgements = explained by reference to concepts such as SOCIAL ORDER/LAW/JUSTICE

A

SOCIAL SYSTEMS ORIENTATION

58
Q

level of KOHLBERGS model in which morality = centred on PRINCIPLES

A

POST-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL

59
Q

POST-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL STAGE in which society’s laws + rules can be QUESTIONS/CHANGED if they become OBSTACLES to ideals such as FREEDOM/JUSTICE

A

COMMUNITY RIGHTS + INDIV RIGHTS ORIENTATION

60
Q

POST-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL STAGE in which basis of moral reasoning = independent moral code based on UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES

A

UNIVERSAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES ORIENTATION

61
Q

KOHLBERG’S research indicated that MORAL DEVMT correlated w:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. SES
  2. INTELLIGENCE
  3. EDUCATIONAL LEVEL
62
Q

ppl use ___ LEVELS of KOHLBERGS model if NOTHING to lose + ppl use ___ LEVELS if MORE to lose

A

HIGHER; LOWER

63
Q

lady who believed that the critical focus placed on abstract moral reasoning = BIASED TOWARD MALES

A

CAROL GILLIGAN

64
Q
  • influence of culture = LIMITED to how well cultures provide opps for indivs to reach highest level of moral development
  • kOHLBERGS model = NOT AGE-STAGE model like PIAGET’S
  • ppl reason at ALL STAGES (not fixed at 1 level/stage)
  • NOT EVERYONE reaches HIGHEST stage of moral devmt
  • moral reasoning does NOT reliably predict an indvi’s moral bhvr + reasoning in any 1 situation
A

CRITICISMS OF KOHLBERG’S THEORY OF MORAL DEVMT

65
Q

theories of moral devmt that = based on OBSVTNS (PIAGET) + QUESTIONNAIRES/INTERVIEWS (KOHLBERG)

A

NEURODEVMTL PERSPECTIVE OF MORALITY

66
Q

studies using fMRI methods = confirming that devmtl change in ___ ___ underlies changes obsved in moral judgements

A

BIO MATURATION

67
Q

student of SCHWEDER who believed that ultimate basis of morality = persons’s WORLDVIEW

A

JENSEN

68
Q

set of cultural beliefs that explain wat it means to be human, how human relations should be conducted + how human probs should be addressed

A

WORLDVIEW

69
Q

outcome of mORAL REASONING = ___ ___

A

MORAL EVALUATIONS

70
Q

judgements as to whether a bhvr = RIGHT/WRONG

A

MORAL EVALUATIONS

71
Q

MORAL REASONING → MORAL EVALUATIONS → MORAL BHVRS → WORLDVIEWS

A

RELATIONSHIP BTWN MORAL REASONING + WORLDVIEWS

72
Q
  1. ETHIC OF AUTONOMY
  2. ETHIC OF COMMUNITY
  3. ETHIC OF DIVINITY
A

3 TYPES OF ETHICS BASED ON DIFF WORLD VIEWS THAT PPL USE TO RESPOND TO MORAL ISSUES (JENSEN)

73
Q

TYPE OF ETHIC in which indiv = primary moral authority

A

ETHIC OF AUTONOMY

74
Q

TYPE OF ETHIC in which indivs = members of social groups to which they have commitments + obligations

A

ETHIC OF COMMUNITY

75
Q

TYPE OF ETHIC in which indiv = spiritual entity subject to prescriptions of divine authority

A

ETHIC OF DIVINITY

76
Q

POLITICAL thinking involves ABSTRACT ideas abt:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. JUSTICE
  2. HUMAN RIGHTS
  3. DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH
77
Q

scholars who worked on POLITICAL DEVMT in ado similar to KOHLBERG

A

ADLESON

78
Q

ADLESON thought that only variable liked to POLITICAL THINKING = ___

A

AGE

79
Q
  1. change in COGNITIVE MODE
  2. sharp DECLINE in support for AUTHORITARIAN political systems
  3. devmt of capacity for IDEOLOGY
A

3 KEY CHANGES INCLUDED IN SHIFT IN POLITICAL THINKING FOR ADOS FROM 12-16

80
Q

the INCR in use of ABSTRACT ideas + INCR in tendency to see laws as HUMAN CONSTRUCTIONS that can be CHANGED

A

CHANGE IN COGNITIVE MODE

81
Q

YOUNGER ados = ___ AUTHORITARIAN than OLDER ados

A

MORE

82
Q
  1. ados being to have capacity to think MORE ABSTRACTLY
  2. ados = SOCIALIZED into political ideas in societies in which they live
A

2 REASONS WHY ABSTRACT POLITICAL BELIEFS DEVELOP

83
Q

YOUNG ados see laws as ___/___

A

ETERNAL/UNCHANGEABLE

84
Q

EMERGING ADULTS have ___ conventional political participation than ADULTS + PREV GEN bc they tend to be ___ of motivations of politicians

A

LOWER; SKEPTICAL

PSYC3310 (13 decks)

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