3rd Quarter Restorative Art ALL CARDS Flashcards
requires a long period of time, is extensive, or requires technical skill
major restoration
types of major restorations
full head of hair
deep wound preparation and care of deep lacerations
repair or reconstruction of multiple fractures
buck-teeth (dental prognathism)
3rd degree burns
the care of the deceased to recreate natural form and color
restorative art
time-table of RA treatment layout
Pre-embalming
Concurrent Embalming
Post Embalming
These are examples of what type of treatment?Setting featuresSuturing clean cuts, skin flaps, positioning skin, muscle, features, etc.Resetting fracturesPuncture blistersSupport surface tissuesMinor buck teeth issues
Pre-Embalming Treatments
Buck teeth are also called…
dental prognathism
These are examples of what type of treatment?Internal (active) dyeMaintaining feature corrections/alignmentLimiting swelling
Concurrent Embalming Treatments
These are examples of what type of treatment?
Remove scabs
Excise diseased or mutilated tissues
Suture incisions, lacerations
Reduce swellings (it has already occurred)
Reduce tissue swelling (using gravity, compress- ace bandage, channeling-small incisions, electric spatula,Be sure to use large amounts of massage cream to protect the skin
Deep wound preparation and waxing Feature modeling Bleaching Masking discolorations External coloring and cosmetics (not always to cover something) Correct buck-teeth Attach dismembered parts Hair replacement
Post Embalming Treatments
lack of symmetry or proportiondifferences in paired features
asymmetry
it is natural to be ________
asymetrical
correspondence in size, shape, and relative position of parts that are on opposite sides of the face.
symmetry
anterior view of the face or features
front aspect
side view of the human head
profile view
in reference to a photograph; a view that reveals the fullness of the cheeks
three-quarter view
What should the restorative artist not conceal?
Scars
Moles
Birthmarks
Warts
external shape; a mold for casting; produce a certain shape; to constitute existing elementsrefers to the shape of a surface structure, which is recognized by its outline and surface movement.
Form
the process of chemically treating the dead human body to reduce the presence and growth of microorganisms, to temporarily inhibit organic decomposition, and to restore an acceptable physical appearance.
embalming
dissimilarities existing in the two sides or halves of an object.
Bilateral differences
the bilateral view; an inferior or superior viewpoint which permits the comparison of the two sides or halves of an object or facial feature.
Bilateral silhouette
a visual sensation perceived by the eye and the mind due to the activity and vibration of light
color
hollow space or area
cavity
two sides
bilateral
The body is erect, facing the observer, feet together, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointed away from body.
anatomical position
a prominence or projection of a bone
eminence
a state or degree of being deep
depth
near to the mid-line; opposite of lateral direction
medial
a position or direction away from mid-line; to the side
lateral
more elevated in place or position; higher; upper; anatomically towards the head
superior
beneath; lower in plane or position; the under surface of an organ or indicating a structure below another structure; toward the feet
inferior
the act of throwing forward; a part extending beyond the level of its surroundings
projection
a type of surface formed by the withdrawal of a part from its normal position
recession
exhibiting a depressed or hollow surface; a concavity
concave
boundaries or edges
margins
slanting; neither horizontal nor perpendicular
oblique
curved evenly; resembling a segment of the outer edge of a sphere
convex
the study of the structures and surface markings of the face and features
physiognomy
the injection of special creams or liquids into the tissues through the use of a syringe and needle to restore natural contour
hypodermic tissue building
a substance used to elevate sunken (emaciated) tissues to normal level
tissue builder
the rounded projection on the inferior portion of the temporal bones just posterior to the lobe of the ear
mastoid process
a hollow or concave region
depression
the state or condition of being thrust forward or projecting
protrusion
the geometric shape of the human skull
oval
an electrically heated blade used to dry moist tissues, reduce swollen tissues, and restore contour to natural form
electric spatula
the topmost part of the head
crown
Crown is also known as…
vertex
weight applied to a surface
external pressure
lowest part of the back and base of the cranium, forming a cradle for the brain
occipital bone
the prominence at the center of the external surface of the occipital bone.
occipital protuberance
two bones that form the roof and part of the sides of the skull
parietal bones
the rounded peak of the external convexity of the parietal bones; determines the widest part of the cranium
parietal eminence
inferior portion of the sides and base of the cranium, inferior to the parietal bones and anterior to the occipital bone
temporal bones
the concave surface of the head overlying the temporal bone
temporal cavity
the vertical surface of the temporal bone
squama
How is the widest part of the cranium measured?
From one parietal eminence to another
a natural body opening or canal
meatus
the most common characteristics of each feature; typical, common, average
Norm
meaning…after death
postmortem
Anatomical structures for locating the modeled ear? What are they? Where are they located?
external auditory meatus
zygomatic arch
mandibular fossa
mastoid process
a single bony prominence of the frontal bone located between the superciliary arches in the inferior part of the frontal bone above the root of the nose
glabella
the anterior third of the cranium, forming the forehead and the anterior portion of the roof of the skull
frontal bone
paired, rounded, un-margined prominences of the frontal bone found approximately one inch beneath the normal hairline
frontal eminences
the inferior part of the forehead just superior to the median ends of the eyebrows.
superciliary arches
the superior rim of the eye sockets
supraorbital margins
- to observe the relative locations and arrangements of internal parts, it is necessary to cut or section the body along various planes.
Body Planes
a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions. If the division is into two equal halves, it is called median or mid-sagittal
Median (sagittal) plane
divides the body into superior and inferior sections
Horizontal (transverse) plane
divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
Frontal (coronal) plane
inferior to the mandibular fossaear passage…most noticeable
external auditor meatus
anterior to the external auditory meatus
mandibular fossa
posterior to the lobe of the ear most inferior portion of the temporal bone
mastoid process
fatty 1/3 portion of the ear
ear lobe
where does the sternoclediomastoid muscle attach?
Mastoid process
causes bruising and swelling to the eyes
squama
Separation of the head from the body
decapitation
the trunk of a body
torso
when decapitated it the head should be embalmed…
separately from the trunk
the decapitated head can be injected using the….
common carotid arteries if in tact
if the common carotid arteries are destroyed in a decapitation how should injection be made?
External & Internal Carotid Arteries or…
External Maxillary arteries
other methods of decapitated head preservation…
hypodermic injectionsurface compresses
the torso from decapitation can be injected using the ….
common carotid or axillary arteries
Use _____ plastic or wood splints (dowels) or _________ rods that are approximately ___ -____ inches long that are _______________ to reattach the head
3 metal 8 12 sharpened
One rod is inserted into the ___________
spinal canal of the vertebrae
The additional 2 rods are inserted into the muscles on both sides of the __________ and __________
esophagus
trachea
suture the muscles and tissue around the _____________________________ of the neck
entire circumference
use ______________ or _______________to fill in for missing tissue of neck
mortuary mastic or cotton & sealer
posterior process of the ramus of the mandible…articulates the anterior to the external auditory meatus
mandibular fossa
the care of the deceased to recreate natural form and color
restorative art
refers to the shape of a surface structure which is recognized by its outline and surface movement
form
the basic form of the nose is shaped how?
pyramid shape
the basic form of an ear is shaped how?
wedged
Form involves the following dimensions…
Length
width
projection
refers to those rays of light reflected from the surface
color
highlights and shadows affect
appearance of color
one thing to do to look at highlights and shadows is to look at it in….
black and white
unless at least _________ of the facial structures remain intact, no restoration is ordinarily attempted, because it may resemble a __________. This is called the ________ rule. (mayer)
two-thirds
wax replica
2/3
the ________ may be violated in some cases.
2/3 rule
not all restorative art involves________
wax
types of restorative art without wax
- external cosmetics
2. internally (restorative chemicals w/ ACTIVE dyes)
______________is good to be included with permission to embalm
permission to restore
when preparing a wound using wax it must _________
be firm & dry
wounds must be ________ because you will be placing a substance and the surrounding structure should not ______
firm
move
wounds should be ______because one component of wax is ________
dry
petroleum (oil)
dismembered parts should ALWAYS be attached _________________.
after embalming
study of the structures and surface markings of the face and featuresa topography of the face
physiognomy
lack of symmetry or proportiondifferences in paired features
asymmetry
it is natural to be ________
asymetrical
the most common characteristic of each part of a feature (or face)
norm
one eye width is the same as_______
width of the nose
anthropological classification (pg. 12)
European
Asiatic
African
first people to practice any type of RA
egyptians
practice of reading faces
Plato & Aristotle all wrote about the subject of facial meanings
Chinese & mediterranean
practice of reading faces originated in______
China
This era took low priority; little effort to restore
middle ages to early 19th century
restoration began at the end of ___________
the Civil War (civil war era)
done on their own initiativeno textbooksno instruction, cosmetics or instrumentstrial & error
Those that are considered pioneers in RA
early attempts and problems with RA
Plastic surgery (skin transplant)
Plaster of paris
Clay & putty
SoapWaxes
problems with skin transplant
skin dehydrated discoloration
problems with plaster of paris
draws moisture from surrounding tissues
problems with clay & putty
too dark & oily
difficult to hide w/cosmetics
finally manufactures produced a practical substance to perform RA.influence of mortuary science schools in 1920’s
Waxes
body erect with arms at the sides and palms forward
anatomical position
front (before)
anterior
toward back
posterior
top
superior
beneath (lower)
inferior
toward midline
medial line
toward sides (away from median line)
lateral
body planes are located on page
14
horizontal plane also called
transverse plane
frontal plane also called
coronal plane
median (medial) plane also calleddivides into right and left
sagittal plane
state of being deep
depth
hollow or shallow area
depression
area that sticks outState or condition of being thrust forward or projecting
protrusion
hollow depressed area
concave
outer segment of a circle
convex
line which is neither horizontal or verticalSlope; deviation from the horizontal or vertical; oblique
inclination
relating to, or having two sides
bilateral
dissimilarities noted when looking at two sides
bilateral differences
bilateral view of a person’s silhouette
bilateral silhouette
a view of a person from the front
frontal aspect
a view of a person from the side
profile
a view of a person that is slightly turned
3 quarter view
additional terminology needed
frontal (anterior view)
margins (boundaries or edges)
oblique (slanting; neither horizontal nor perpendicular)
pyramid recession (recessed; withdraw from normal position)
sunken (commonly the eyes)
vertex (crown or topmost part)
requires a long period of time, is extensive, or requires technical skill
major restoration
The funeral home can charge the family for RA if_____________
it is on the general price list/contract
Charging the family for RA is ____________.
up to the funeral home…not required
When discussing RA with a family be aware of___________
promises/time lines
Always make sure that the family has __________
clarity
requires a minimum of effort, skill or time to complete
minor restoration
types of minor restorations
tissue building (filler) waxing (lips, razor burn, sutures, etc.) bleaching/concealing discolorations removal of fever blisters minor hair replacement (parts of eyebrow, eyelash, etc.) reducing swelling (non-surgical)
distinguishing characteristics not to be altered or concealed normally….
moles
warts
scars
birthmarks
note….
READ AND STUDY TERMS IN CHAPTERS 1 & 2
Bones of the head are divided into….
bones of the cranium
bones of the face
geometric form of the “normal skull”
oval
the geometric from of the skull is determined from what views?
frontal & above
form varies from______________
person to person
why does form vary?
because of differences in width & length
note….
see page 12 for skull comparison of male, female, and infant
effects of tooth loss and
aging
bones of the external cranium
frontal (1)
occipital (1)
parietal (2)
temporal (2)
which bones are paired bones of the cranium
parietal
temporal
anterior third of the cranium
frontal bone
surfaces of the frontal bone
- vertical surface (forehead)
2. horizontal surface (crown)
eminences of the frontal bone
- frontal eminence (2)
- supraorbital margin (2)
- superciliary arch (2) “eyebrow”
- glabella
Rounded prominences on either side of the median line of the frontal bone. May be indistinct at times (unrecognizable) or continuous.
frontal eminence
superior rim of the eye sockets (2)
supraorbital margin
the supraorbital margin lies _________ regarding the superciliary arch.
inferior
on some individuals the supraorbital margin will be _________
prominent
ex: Tommy Lee Jones
lies in the inferior part of the forehead just superior the medial ends of the eyebrows (the thicker part of an arched eyebrow)
superciliary arch
superciliary arch is normally more prominent in people with ___________
receding foreheads
Located between the superciliary arch. Located in the inferior part of the frontal bone. Considered to be at the root of the nose. (where a uni-brow grows)
glabella
when the glabella is very prominent it will make the root of the nose look very _______________
deep
the lowest part of the back and the base of the cranium. Forms a cradle for the brain.
occipital bone
distinctive features of the occipital bone
occipital protuberance
foramen magnum
located at the center of the external surface of the occipital bone
occipital protuberance
opening in the occipital bone, the spinal cord passes thru it
foramen magnum
superior portion of the sides and the posterior 2/3 of the cranium
parietal bones
parietal eminences
convexity of the parietal bone
a measurement of one parietal eminence to another gives you the ______________________.
widest part of the cranium
where are the parietal eminences located?
above posterior border of the ears.
inferior portion of the sides and the base of the cranium
temporal bone
concave surface of the head overlying the temporal bone.
temporal cavity
vertical portion of the temporal bone and is fairly thin (almost translucent) Scale like
squama
characteristics of the squama
thin almost translucent scale like
there are _______ anatomical structures of the temporal bone. Used for locating the modeled ear.
4
What are the anatomical structures of the temporal bones used to locate the modeled ear?
- external auditory meatus
- zygomatic arch
- mandibular fossa
- mastoid process
ear passage see glossary
external auditory meatus
extension of the zygomatic bonedivides the length of the ear in halfsee glossary
zygomatic arch
measurement of one zygomatic arch to the other gives you the…..
widest part of the face
where the condyle of the mandible articulates is anterior to the external auditor meatus
mandibular fossa
rounded portion most inferior portion of the temporal boneis posterior to the lobe of the ear (fatty inferior one third portion of the ear)sternoclydomastoid muscle attaches here
mastoid process
Character lines, wrinkles, grooves, cords of the neck, and dimples of the face
facial markings
facial markings in its purest form are caused by…
muscles
factors responsible for facial markings
- Age
- Heredity
- Environment
- Muscle striation & action
- Position of the body
- Condition of the body
rapid weight gain
corpulence
a hollow or shallow concave area in a surface
depression
(wrinkle) a crevice in the skin accompanied by adjacent elevations
furrow
an elongated depression in a relatively level plane or surface
groove
elongated prominence adjoining a surface
fold
a prominence or projections of a bone
eminence
shallow depressions located on the cheek or chin in a rounded or vertical form
dimple
a furrow, wrinkle, or groove
sulcus
classification of facial markings
natural acquired
those markings present at birth
natural facial markings
those markings developed throughout a lifetime
acquired facial markings
neither natural nor acquired facial markings which occur on both sides of the face are truly symmetrical
asymmetry of facial markings
the termination of all facial markings is
indefinite
physiognomy of natural facial markings
- philtrum
- nasolabial fold
- nasal sulcus
- oblique palpebral sulcus
- angulus oris eminence
- angulus oris sulcus
- labial mental sulcus
- submental suclus
- dimbles
vertical groove on superior liplocated medially on the superior lipextends from the columna nasi & the margin of the red lip (superior etigment)forms an irregular parenthetical curve
philtrum
the greatest depth of the philtrum corresponds to…
its widest part
the philtrum can become __________ in very ______________________
obscuredold age
glossary
nasolabial fold
linear outline of the nasolabial fold
- curved
- straight
- sinuous (backward S)
furrow is the same as…
wrinkle
physiognomy of acquired facial markings
- nasolabial sulcus
- transverse frontal sulci
- interciliary sulci
- optic facial sulci
- superior palpebral sulcus
- inferior palpebral sulcus
- bucco-facial sulcus
- mandible sulcus
- labial sulci
- platysmal sulci
- cords of the neck
factors responsible for facial markings concerning conditions of the body…
- Rapid weight loss
- Pathological condition
- Corpulence
- Trauma
called an angular areaalong the posterior margin of the wing of the nose and the nasolabial fold.
nasal sulcus
at an angle…shallow curving groove below the medial corner of the eyelids.
oblique palpebral sulcus
revisit definition for…this is essential to facial expressionhard to see because it doesn’t have definite borders
angulus oris eminence
the elevation is formed by the combined insertions of the…
- zygomatic muscles
- buccinator muscle
- triangularis muscle
this accompanies the angulus oris eminence…
angulus oris sulcus
in youth the angulus oris sulcus tends to be…
triangular
the junction of the lower integementary lip and the superior border of the chinmay appear as a furrow…even in a child
labiomental sulcus
the highest point of the labiomental sulcus is…
along the midline
the submental furrow is also called the…
submental sulcus
immediately inferior to the mandible
submental furrow
junction of the base of the chin and the sub-mandibular area. may appear as a furrow and helps to create the double chin.
submental furrow
submental furrow is most noticeable from the…
profile view
almost always on a transverse plane with a line of closer of the mouth
dimples
elongated dimple on chin (cleft dimple) is always on the…
median line
chin dimples are typically more permanent than…
cheek dimples
furrow that is adjacent or medial to the nasolabial fold
nasolabial sulcus
caused by the continual contraction of the multiheaded quadratus labi superiorus muscle
nasolabial sulcus
horizontal furrows across the forehead
transverse frontal sulci
transverse frontal sulci vary in…
depthcurvatureinclination
transverse frontal sulci can be either…
continuous orinterrupted
the depth _____________ in transverse frontal sulci towards its end
diminishes
most common form of dip intransverse frontal sulci is at the…
central plane
transverse frontal sulci is caused by the continual contraction of the _________________
occipitofrontalis muscle
the two classifications of interciliary sulci
- vertical
2. transverse
vertical or slightly oblique furrows that extend upward from the roof of the nose up into (or thru) the eyebrows
vertical interciliary sulci
the vertical interciliary sulci is caused by the continual contraction of the
corrugator muscle
vertical interciliary sulci is also known as…
frowning furrows
transverse inteciliary sulci is caused by the continual contraction of the
procerus muscle
furrows that run side to side between eyebrows
transverse interciliary sulci
furrows radiating from the lateral corner of the eye
optic facial sulci
optic facial sulci is caused by the continual contraction of the…
orbicularis oculi muscle
usually the ________ are the _____ acquired facial markings to appear
optic facial sulci
first
Furrow on the superior border of the upper eyelid.Apparent when there is an absence of fatty tissue in that region and when the tissues are firm
superior palpebral sulcus
Furrow of the lower attached border of the inferior palpebral…the inferior eyelid
inferior palpebral sulcus
bags under the eyes…fullness found between the inferior palpebral sulcus & the oblique palpebral sulcus
infraorbital pouch
infraorbital pouch is also called
orbital pouch
vertical furrow of the cheek area
bucco-facial sulcus
see fig. 72 for examples of
bucco-facial sulcus
bucco-facial sulcus can sometimes join into the…
mandibular sulcus
furrow beneath the jawline that meets which rises
mandibular sulcus
multiple forms of mandibular sulci
serrated jawline
transverse dipping furrows of the neck…run across the front and sides of the neck
platysmal sulci
the vertical prominence of the neck is considered the
cords of the neck
cords of the neck are more prominent on…
thinner individuals
furrows of agevertical furrows that extend from the upper and lower red lip area (mucus membrane) into the integementary area…generally occur first in the upper lip.
labial sulci
labial sulci is also known as..
the furrows of age
external facial bones
- nasal bones (2)
- zygomatic bones (2)
- maxilla (2)
- mandible
Forms a dome over the superior portion of the nasal cavity.Located directly inferior to the glabella
nasal bones
see glossary for definition
angle of inclination
orifice bonded by the margins of the nasal bones and the maxilla
nasal cavity
diamond shaped bone of the cheek
zygomatic bone
might see zygomatic bone or zygomatic arch as being measured to get the….
widest part of the face
just underneath the zygomatic arch you will find the…
zygomatic depression
lies lateral to the portion of the cheek inferior to the zygomatic arch
zygomatic depression
made up by the frontal bone and the zygomatic bone
zygomatico frontal process
two fused bones that form skeletal base of most of the superior face, roof of the mouth, sides of the nasal cavity, and the floor of the orbit (eye socket)
maxilla
maxilla is also called the…
upper jaw bone
sharp boney projection located medially along the inferior margin of the nasal cavity
nasal spine
a slip of skin partition that covers the nasal spine and separates the medial portion of the nostrils.most inferior part of the nose
columna nasi
processes of the maxilla
Alveolar process
Frontal process of the maxilla
Palatine Process
Dental Prognathism (buck teeth)
bony ridge that contains the tooth sockets
alveolar process
ascending part of the upper jaw
frontal process of the maxilla
horse shoe shaped single bone of the mouthlower jaw
mandible
2 main parts of the mandible
Body Ramus
horizontal portion of the mandible
body
corresponding vertical portion of the mandible
ramus
parts of the body of the mandible
mental eminence
incisive fossa
alveolar processes
parts of the ramus of the mandible
condyle
coronoid process
mandibular notch
Prominent eminence of the mandible
Triangular projection on the inferior portion of the anterior mandible
mental eminence
area between the mental eminence and the inferior incisor teeth
incisive fossa
the four teeth located anteriorly from the midline on each jaw; used for cutting
incisive teeth
rounded eminence at the articulating end of the bone
condyle
non articulating end of the bonethis is where the temporal muscle attaches
coronoid process
the depression located between the condyle and the coronoid process
mandibular notch
marks the widest part of the lower 1/3 of the face
angle of the mandible
a bony angle formed by the junction of the posterior edge of the ramus of the mandible and the inferior surface of the body of the mandible
angle of the mandible
widest part of the lower face
bi-mandibular
widest part of the head (cranium)
bi-parietal
widest part of the face
bi-zygomatic
other bones that are not surface bones….they are of less interest to (Alteri)
(cranium)
ethmoid bones
phenoid bone
(facial)
vomer bone
palantine bones
lacrimal bones
see pages 20 & 23 for
other bones that are not surface bones
muscle provides…
muscle bulk
contour effect
topographical surface form
continual muscle contraction leaves…
markings (wrinkles) on the face
wrinkles run ___________ to muscle fiber
transverse
wrinkles are more pronounced on ______
males
loss of muscle tone will cause__________
sagging of tissues
what bones make up margins of nasal cavity
nasal bone
maxilla
area between mental eminence and area between incisor teeth
incisive fossa
What muscle attaches to the coronoid process?
temporal muscle
this can play a part in moving muscle tissue inferiorly verses posteriorly
gravitational pull
environmenthereditycan all play a part in…
loss of muscle tone
the point of muscle attachment which moves the leastThe beginning of muscle contraction
origin
the point of muscle attachment which moves the most (greatest) amount.
insertion
muscles of the cranium
Occipitofrontalis Muscle (1)
masseter muscle
temporalis muscle
Muscle that draws the scalp posteriorly and inferiorly and raises the eyebrows. Thin sheeth located between the occipital and frontal bones.
Occipitofrontalis Muscle
Occipitofrontalis Muscle is also known as…
epicranius
parts of Occipitofrontalis Muscle
occipitalis
frontalis
the frontalis is also called…
the frontal belly
the occipitalis is also called…
the occipital belly
The effects of the Occipitofrontalis Muscle on Surface Form
- When contracted it raises eyebrows
2. Continual contraction forms Transverse Frontal Sulci
wrinkles (lines) that run across the front of the forehead
transverse frontal sulci
Transverse frontal sulci is what type of facial marking?
Acquired
Name the types of Muscles of Mastication
- Temporalis (2)
2. Masseter (2)
broad fan shaped muscle located along the temporal bone.fairly thin
temporalis muscle
the purpose of the temporalis muscle…
closes mandible mastication
some side-to-side movement
what is the strongest chewing muscle (muscle of mastication)?
temporalis muscle
temporalis muscle effect on surface form…
provides SOME bulk to the temporal cavity
the temporalis muscle overlies what muscle?
squamous muscle
masseter muscle effect on surface form
provides bulk to the side of the cheek
function of masseter muscle is…
mastication
closes the mandible
this muscle is not the strongest of the chewing muscles
masseter muscle
Located in bucal area (cheek area)Begins below the Zygomatic Arch and extends to the angle of the mandible. (along side of the face)
masseter muscle
muscles of facial expression
- Muscles of the eye
- Muscles of the nose
- Muscles of the mouth
muscles of the EYE that control facial expression
- Orbicularis Oculi
- Corrugator
- Levator Palpebrae Superioris
TRUE sphincter muscle that surrounds the eye socket…closes the eyelids and compresses the lacrimal sac
orbicularis oculi
functions of the orbicularis oculi
- closes the eyelid when contracted
2. compresses the lacrimal sac
if the lacrimal sac is compressed it produces…
tears
the size, area, and function allows the orbicularis oculi effect on surface form to be…
optic facial sulci (crows feet…obligue wrinkles)
optic facial sulci is also known as…
crows feet
crows feet is also known as …
oblique muscles
crows feet is what type of wrinkle?
acquired
corrugator is also known as…
frowning muscle
The corrugator muscle is what shape?
pyramid
the function of the corrugator muscle.
draw the eyebrow downward & medially when contracted
located toward the medial end of the eyebrowruns from root of the nose to upper rim of eye socket (oblique)
corrugator muscle
corrugator muscle effect on surface form
vertical interciliary sulci
a ferlow located between the eyebrows (wrinkles)
vertical interciliary sulci
function of the levator palpebrae superioris
lifts (raises or elevates) the upper eyelid
eyelid is called
palpebrae
upper eyelid is called
palpebrae superioris
levator means…
lift or raise
the levator palpebrae superioris effect on surface form…
palpebral fold (occurs with age)
located along inferior margin of the upper eyelid
superior tarsus
located along the superior margin of the lower eyeliddoes not have as much vertical dimension as its superior counterpart
inferior tarsus
the degree from vertical at which the surface(s) of a prominent feature projects.
angle of projection
slope; deviation from the horizontal or vertical; oblique
inclination
buck teeth
Dental Prognathism
a bony ridge found on the inferior surface of the Maxilla and the superior surface of the Mandible which contains the sockets for the teeth.
alveolar process
the ascending part of the upper jaw which gradually protrudes as it rises beside the nasal bone to meet the frontal bone; the ascending process of the upper jaw.
frontal process of the maxilla
muscle of facial expression which depresses the angle (corner) of the mouth
TRIANGULARIS
TRIANGULARIS is also known as
Depressor Angulus Oris
The triangularis effect on surface form
forms the Angulus Oris Eminence
muscles of the mouth & anterior cheek
- Quadratus Labii Superioris
- Levator Anguli Oris
- Risorius
- Depressor Labii Inferioris
- Mentalis
Three muscles that make up the Quadratus Labii Superioris
- Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi
- Levator Labii Superioris
- Zygomaticus Minor
multi headed muscle (3 heads plus muscle itself)…large and extends from the cheek bone in lower rim of eye socket and serves to raise the upper lip
Quadratus Labii Superioris
elevates or raises the upper lip and dilates the nostrils
Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi
helps to elevate and extend the upper lip
Levator Labii Superioris
Draws the superior lip superiorly and anteriorly…however, text and other sources suggest “superiorly and laterally” ****DEFINITION IS QUOTATIONS IS WHAT ALTERI WANTS US TO KNOW.
Zygomaticus Minor
function of the Quadratus Labii Superioris
serves to raise the upper lip…“sneer”<—-Elvis face
furrow lying medial and adjacent to the nasolabial fold; ACQUIRED
nasolabial sulcus
Quadratus Labii Superioris effect on surface form
nasolabial sulcus
acquired and can accompany the nasolabial fold
nasolabial sulcus
located beneath the Quadratus Labii Superioris muscle and in the region of the canine teeth.
Levator Anguli Oris
function of the Levator Anguli Oris
to elevate the angle of the mouth
the Levator Anguli Oris effect on surface form
nasolabial fold
nasolabial fold is what type of process
natural
false smile muscle
Risorius
function of the risorius
retracts the angle of the mouth
textbook says it draws angle of mouth posteriorly, but Alteri says…“narrow superficial band of muscle which pulls the angle of the mouth outward or laterally.”
Risorius
The depressor labii inferioris muscle is also known as
quadratus muscle
Risorius muscle has no noticeable effect on…
surface form
Function of the depressor labii inferioris
depresses the lower lip…moves it inferiorly and SLIGHTLY laterally
a single muscle located on the chin…elevates and protrudes the inferior (lower) lip
mentalis muscle
helps to temporarily wrinkle the skin over the chin area
mentalis muscle
the mentalis muscle effect on surface form
provides anterior (bulk) projection of the chin
anterior projection of the chin
mental eminence
and elongated dimple chin is called…
cleft chin
elongated dimple
cleft
if the cleft on chin runs under the chin…giving appearance of two lobes…
bilobated chin
a depression in the chin is called..
chin dimple
muscles of the neck
- Platysma
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Digastricus
location and points of attachment
platysma
fills up the space in the neck…depresses mandible & lower lip
platysma
The platysma effect on surface form
- Bucco-facial Sulcus
- Mandibular Sulcus
- Serrated Jawline
- Platysmal Sulci
get definition of all of the surface form platysma
effects
helps to rotate head, depress, & lower the head.
sternocleidomastoid muscle
the measurement from one BELLY OF THE sternocleidomastoid to another gives the…
widest part of the neck
double bellied muscle which draws the hyoid bone superiorly
Digastricus
the hyoid bone does not…
articulate with another bone (free floating bone)
function of the digastricus is to
help manipulate the tongue
the effect on surface form of the Digastricus
cords of the neck
processes on the temporal and zygomatic bones; determines the widest part of the face
zygomatic arch
one of the lesser concavities of the face located on the lateral portion of the cheek inferior to the zygomatic arch
zygomatic arch depression
muscle responsible for raising the upper eyelid
levator palpebrae superioris
muscle responsible for creating the philtrum…this is its effect on surface form
orbicularis oris
principle muscle of the cheek which compresses the cheeks and forms the lateral wall of the mouth
buccinator
muscle draws the scalp posteriorly and raises the eyebrows when contracted
occipitofrontalis
furrows radiating from the lateral corner of the eye
optic facial sulci
SMALL convex prominence found lateral to the end of the line of closure of the mouth
angulus oris eminence
what type of marking is the angulus oris eminence
natural
muscles of the nose
procerus muscle
narrow elongated muscle, this muscle covers the bridge of the nose, located on the nasal bones up to the forehead
procerus muscle
its function is to draw skin downward (inferiorly)
procerus muscle
procerus muscle effect on surface form
transverse interciliary sulci
muscles of the mouth
- orbicularis oris
- zygomaticus major
- buccinator
- triangularis
the mouth is known as…
the center of expression
this muscle is known at the Puckering Muscle
orbicularis oris
flat band of muscles in the upper and lower red lips and integumentary lips
orbicularis oris
function of the orbicularis oris
closes and puckers the lips
compresses lips against teeth
shapes lips during speech
a NATURAL facial marking…the vertical groove located medially on the superior lip
philtrum
muscles converging at the mouth corners
zygomaticus major
zygomaticus major is also known as…
laughing muscle
extends from the cheekbone to angle of the mouth
zygomaticus major
function is the corner of mouth is raised when this muscle contracts…draws the upper lip posteriorly , superiorly, and laterally as in smiling or laughing
zygomaticus major
zygomaticus major effect on surface form
angulus oris eminence
effects of buccinator on surface form
multiple effects…
helps form angulus oris eminence
bucco-facial sulcus forms lateral wall of cheek
vertical furrow of the cheek…ACQUIRED FACIAL MARKING
BUCCO=FACIAL SULCUS
Use _____ plastic or wood splints (dowels) or _________ rods that are approximately ___ -____ inches long that are _______________ to reattach the head
3 metal 8 12 sharpened
