3rd Quarter Pathology Test 2 Flashcards
types of cellular reactions (manners by which a body would respond to injury)
regressive tissue changesprogressive tissue changes
an increase in size is what type of cellular reaction?
progressive tissue changes
a decrease in size is what type of cellular reaction?
regressive tissue changes
Types of regressive tissue changes
degeneration infiltrationnecrosisatrophy
type of regressive tissue change in which there is an accumulation or buildup of a substance INTRACELLULARLY (within) the protoplasm of cells.
degeneration
degeneration is….
intracellular
we diffrentiate types of degeneration according to the type of _________ that is _______
substanceaccumulated
most common type of degeneration.similar to edema. this fluid is between cells. Intracellular, cloudy swelling, There is a temporary accumulation or buildup of fluid within the protoplasm of cells.
cellular (cloudy) swelling
fatty change-fatty metamorphosis-abnormal accumulation of fat within the protoplasm of normal cells.
fatty degeneration
fat in liver cells affects the _______. This would be called __________
liverliver dysfunction (fatty liver degeneration)
intracellular accumulation or buildup of amyloid within the normal protoplasm of cells.Commonly seen in TB - Typically, in adults, it begins in the lungs. Osteomyelitis - inflammation of the spongey bone marrow inside bones. Infectious disease.
Amyloid disease
a waxy starch like substance
amyloid
These two disease are commonly seen in relation to amyloid disease…
TBOsteomyelitis
type of regressive tissue change in which there is an accumulation or buildup of a substance intercellularly (between the cells)
Infiltration
means within the cells
intracellular
means between the cells
intercellular
inflammation of the spongey bone marrow inside bones. Infectious disease.
Osteomyelitis
accumulation or buildup of a pigmented or colored substance
pigmentation
types of infiltration
pigmentationcalcification gout
accumulation of a pigmented or colored substance which originated outside the body
exogenous pigmentation
tattoos, plumbism, (color change along gum line from high elements of lead) anthracosis (cole miner’s disease-black lung), bismuth poisoning (caused from high dosages over time of bismuth-pepto) are examples of…
exogenous pigmentation
a disease that causes a color change along the gum line…from high elements of lead is called
plumbism
cole miner’s disease also called black lung disease is…
anthracosis
abnormal accumulation of pigmented or colored substance that is naturally present or produced within the body
endogenous pigmentation
jaundice, freckles, moles, albinism, birthmarks
endogenous pigmentation
types of pigmentation
exogenousendogenous
increased localized amounts of melanin. Usually a lighter shade of brown.
freckles
benign pigmented tumors usually a darker shade of brown.
moles
complete absence of melanin production
albinism
these are usually shades of red (port wine color)type of benign tumor of blood vascular tissue.
birthmarks
accumulation or buildup of calcium salts between the cell fibers, as in sclerotic vessels.This is also the natural way the body heals bone fractures.
calcification
calcification is also known as…
calcareous infiltration
excess uric acid, especially seen in big toe
gout
process by which you have a localized area of necrotic or dead tissue present during life
necrosis
causes of necrosis..
- insufficient blood supply2. physical agent-temperature extremes, radiation3. chemical gents4. loss of nerve supply
type of dead tissue which is cheese-like in appearance. Has a unique odor. As seen in TB
caseous necrosis
difference between infarction and necrosis…
need to look up
types of necrosis
caseousgangreneDecubitus ulcer
most famous type of necrosis.
gangrene
types of gangrene
moistdry gas
true gangrene, since saprophytes are present and invade the tissue. There is a foul odor present since saprophytes are present. This is the worst possible type of gangrene
moist
It fits this four word definition…ischemic necrosis (localized area of dead tissue that has been caused by the reduction in arterial blood supply ) plus putrefaction. This is why it is considered true.
moist gangrene
Which gangrene is commonly called TRUE GANGRENE?
moist gangrene
localized area of dead tissue present in a living body
necrosis
reduction in arterial blood supply
ischemic
the decomposition of proteins in an anaerobic environment (absence of oxygen)
putrefaction
4 word definition for true gangrene?
ischemic necrosis plus putrefaction
organisms that obtain their food from dead matter
saprophytes
false gangrene; no saprophytes present; no order; nice line of demarcation.
dry gangrene
since saprophytes have not invaded dry gangrene it spreads_________
slowly
only type that is infectious, caused by clostridium perfringens during life; microorganisms cause tissue gas in death
gas gangrene
a bacteria which can cause spores
perfringens
which type of gangrene is the ONLY type that is infectious
gas gangrene
gas gangrene is caused by which of the following type of microorganisms
bacteria (perfringens)
bedsores caused by pressure points which restrict blood flow.
decubitus ulcer
dead epithelial tissue
ulcer
absence or lack of growthA decrease in size of a body part or organ that previously was of normal size.
atrophy
decrease in size of a body part or organ due to decreased functional demand
physiological atrophy
types of atrophy
physiologicalpathological
types of gangrene
moistdry gas
types of degeneration
cellularfatty degeneration amyloid disease
forms of physiological atrophy
thymus glandsenile atrophybreasts after lactation
located at the base of the neck. Largest and most active during infancy.
Thymus gland
the progressive shrinkage of all organs as part of the natural aging process.
Senile atrophy
decrease in size due to disease
pathological atrophy
examples of pathological atrophyCHECK ACCURACY OF THIS CARD
anorexia nervosa cancerdisease of a body part (muscle) which will decrease in size.
body’s total response to any injury.
INFLAMMATION
Function of inflammation
protection of the body
If possible, inflammation will…
a. Destroy the causative agent.b. Limit the area affected.c. Begin the process of repair - the process to replace destroyed cells with new ones (scar tissue), but not the same as the destroyed cells.
Causes of inflammation
- Physical irritants2. Chemical irritants3. Infectious agents4. Immunological reaction
extremes of temperature - hot or cold.Radiation which is cumulative.
Physical irritants
an exposure to chemical.
Chemical irritants
any type of microscopic pathogens.
Infectious agents
allergic reaction to a immunological shot (autoimmune disease).
Immunological reaction
Process of inflammation
- Hyperemia (congestion) vascular2. Exudation
The shipment of access blood to the injured body part or organ.
Hyperemia (congestion) vascular
the oozing of fluids at the level of the capillaries.
Exudation
the liquid that is oozed in inflammation
Exudate
Types of exudates….
- Purulent (suppurative)2. Hemorrhagic3. Serous
exudates which contain pus
purulent (suppurative)
dead and living white blood cells and dead and living bacteria
pus
exudate which contains blood
hemorrhagic
exudate which does not contain pus, it is clear
serous
cardinal signs and/or symptoms with inflammation should be __________________
temporary
cardinal signs and/or symptoms of inflammation
Heat Redness Swelling PainAltered function
concerning inflammation….CALOR (INCREASED TEMPERATURE)
HEAT
concerning inflammation…RUBOR
REDNESS
concerning inflammation…TUMOR (SHOULD BE TEMPORARY)
SWELLING
concerning inflammation…DOLOR
PAIN
concerning inflammation…FUNCTIO LAESA
ALTERED FUNCTION
Inflammatory lesions
abscessphlegmonvesiclefurunclecarbunclesfistulaulcerpustule
localized collection of pus.
Abscess
cellulitis, a diffuse or wide spread inflammation of subcutaneous connective tissue. Appears as a red streak located and growing just under the surface of the skin.
Phlegmon
blister, a small or slight elevation on the surface of the skin filled with serous or non-purulent fluid (does not contain pus).
Vesicle
non-communicating boil, an abscess of a hair follicle or sweat gland.
Furuncle
several communicating boils where the drainage of the hair follicle or sweat gland are shared.
Carbuncles
abnormal passageway. Occurs mostly in the lower digestive tract. Can occur between parts of a body or from a body part to the outside.
Fistula
localized area of necrotic opithel - three common sites
Ulcer
3 common sites of ulcers
- Upper GI tract, stomach or duodenum2. Toes on diabetics3. Decubitus ulcer - bedsore
Slight elevation of the surface of the skin which contains pus. (Pimple, whitehead, or black head) usually an oil gland.
Pustule
outcomes of inflammation
resolutionregenerationrepair
types of regeneration
physiological pathological
a part of the outcome which signals the end of the exudation stage or inflammation stage.
Resolution
the replacement of damaged or diseased cells with the exact cells making it up.
Regeneration
Regeneration due to increased functional demand.
Physiological
Regeneration due to disease
Pathological
connective tissue cells. The replacement of damaged or diseased cells with healthy new cells with connective tissue cells or by surgery -results in scar tissue.
Repair
itis means…
inflammation
cyst means…
bladder or sac
chole means….
bile
types of inflammation in the nervous system
encephalitismyelitismeningitispoliomyelitisneuritis
inflammation of the brain
Encephalitis
inflammation of the spinal cord.
Myelitis
inflammation of the 3 layer membrane of the brain and spinal cord.
Meningitis
inflammation of the gray matter portion of the spinal cord.
Poliomyelitis
inflammation of a neuron or nerve cell.
Neuritis
types of inflammation in the respiratory system
rhinitispharyngitissinusitislaryngitispleuritistracheitisbronchitispneumonitis
inflammation of the nasal mucosa
Rhinitis
(mucusmembrane of the lining of the nasal cavity)
nasal mucosa
inflammation of the pharynx a sore throat
pharyngitis
inflammation of one or more sets of the paranasal sinuses
sinusitis
near or along the nasal cavities
paranasal sinuses
inflammation of the larynx or voice box
laryngitis
inflammation of the pleura
pleuritis
pleuritis is also called…
pleurisy
a thin membrane that surrounds the lungs
pleura (pleural space or cavity)
inflammation of the trachea or windpipe
tracheitis
inflammation of one or both of the bronchi (two) or bronchus (one)
bronchitis
inflammation of or infection of lung tissue itself
pneumonitis
types of pneumonitis
lobar pneumonia (one portion of the lung)bronchial pneumoniaviral pneumonia
types of inflammation in the digestive system
stomatitisglossitisgingivitisesophagitisgastritisenteritisdiverticulitiscolitisproctitisperitonitispancreatitishepatitischolecystitischolangitisappendicitis
inflammation of the mouth
stomatitis
inflammation of the tongue
glossitis
inflammation of the gums
gingivitis
inflammation of the esophagus
esophagitis
muscular tube that conveys food from the throat to the stomach
esophagus
inflammation of the stomach
gastritis
inflammation of the small intestines
enteritis
inflammation of the diverticulum or intestinal hernia
diverticulitis
inflammation of the colon
colitis
longest division of the large intestines
colon
types of colitis
amebiculcerative (psychosomatic disorder)
inflammation of the rectum
proctitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
peritonitis
membrane which surrounds the abdominal viscera
peritoneum
inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatitis
a heterocrine gland that breaks down food and releases insulin into blood to control sugar levels
pancreas
inflammation of the liver
hepatitis
inflammation of the sac containing bile or gallbladder
cholecystitis
inflammation of one or more of the bile ducts
cholangitis
inflammation of the vermiform appendix
appendicitis
snakelike
vermiform
Types of inflammation in the Genital & Urinary System
Pyelitis Pyelonephritis Glomerulonephritis Ureteritis Cystitis Urethritis Orchitis Prostatitis Oophoritis Salpingitis Endometritis Endocervicitis Vaginitis
inflammation of the renal pelvis.
Pyelitis
inflammation of the structural and functional unit of the kidney caused by pyogenic bacteria.
Pyelonephritis
inflammation of the Vagina or birth canal.
Vaginitis
inflammation of the endocervic
Endocervicitis
the inner most layer of the lower neck structure of the cervix.
endocervic
pus forming
pyogenic
inflammation of the little tufted capillaries of the structural and functional unit of the kidneys.
Glomerulonephritis
little tufted capillaries of kidneys
(glomerulus)
inflammation of the tube that urine between the kidney and urinary bladder conveys.
Ureteritis
inflammation of the urinary bladder.
Cystitis
inflammation of the endometrium, the inner most or vascular layer of the uterus
Endometritis
inflammation of one or both of the fallopian tubes.
Salpingitis
inflammation of the single tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body.
Urethritis
inflammation of one or both of the male gonads (testis).
Orchitis
inflammation of the prostate gland.
Prostatitis
inflammation of one or both of the ovaries (female sex gland).
Oophoritis
types of inflammation of the Cardiovascular System
pericarditismyocarditisendocarditisarteritisphlebitisthrombophlebitis
- inflammation of the vein caused by an attached blood clot during life.
Thrombophlebitis
- inflammation of the vein.
Phlebitis
- inflammation of the artery
Arteritis
what can cause arteritis
angiograms
inflammation of the pericardium
Pericarditis
the sack surrounding the heart.
pericardium
inflammation of the muscle layer of the heart.
Myocarditis
- inflammation of the inner most layer of the heart. The heart valves are made from this tissue.
Endocarditis
types of inflammation of the Skin and Skeletomuscular System
dermatitisbursitisosteomyelitisarthritis
inflammation of the skin - contact delayed reaction.
Dermatitis
inflammation of the bursa
Bursitis
- the tiny sac filled with a lubricant for the joints.
bursa
- inflammation of the sponge bone and marrow.
Osteomyelitis
- inflammation of the joints.
Arthritis
types of inflammation of the Lymphatic System
tonsillitislymphangitis
- inflammation of the lymph vessel.
Lymphangitis
-inflammation of the one or more of the three sets of tonsils. Tissue between the mouth and throat.
Tonsillitis
