3.8.2 Exercise Metabolism & Biogenetics

Question 1

The physical processes that move the body and keep it alive, such as muscle contraction.

Answer 1

mechanical work

Question 2

A high-energy compound occurring in all cells from which adenosine triphosphate is formed.

Answer 2

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Question 3

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 3

primary energy-providing molecule in the human body

made up of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a sugar molecule (ribose), and three phosphate groups

the energy that the body gets from ATP is stored in the chemical bonds that hold the three phosphates together

Question 4

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, such as in the transfer of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate to create adenosine triphosphate.

Answer 4

Phosphorylation

Question 5

The three main ways that phosphorylation is reached are known as the three metabolic pathways:

Answer 5

1. ATP-PC system
2. Glycolytic system (glycolysis)
3. Oxidative system (oxidative phosphorylation)

Question 6

An energy system that provides energy very rapidly, for approximately 10–15 seconds, via anaerobic metabolism.

Answer 6

ATP-PC System

Question 7

Processes relating to the absence of oxygen.

Answer 7

anaerobic

Question 8

A metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol of a cell that converts glucose into pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate. Anaerobic glycolysis refers to when this process occurs in the absence of oxygen.

Answer 8

glycolysis

Question 9

lactic acid

Answer 9

Glycolysis is directly linked with the oxidative system by the pyruvate by-product that is created. It can be treated in two different ways depending on whether or not there is oxygen present. If there is oxygen available, the pyruvate is further broken down, enters the oxidative system, and leads to the creation of additional ATP. If oxygen cannot be delivered fast enough, the pyruvate will be converted into a molecule called lactate, which contributes to the “burn” felt during strenuous exercise as it accumulates in muscle tissue (the accumulation of CO2 in muscle tissue at a rate faster than it can be removed also factors into the burning feeling).

Question 10

A series of reactions inside the mitochondria that uses oxygen to produce adenosine triphosphate.

Answer 10

Oxidative phosphorylation

(a process that uses oxygen to convert food substrates into ATP) - aerobic

Question 11

Processes relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen.

Answer 11

aerobic

Question 12

The breakdown of amino acids into substrates that can be used for energy metabolism.

Answer 12

deamination

Question 13

three substrates that are used in the oxidative system:

Answer 13

1. free fatty acids
2. the pyruvate created during glycolysis, and
3. amino acids that have undergone deamination.

Question 14

citric acid cycle (CAC)

Answer 14

first set of reactions in the oxidative phosphorylation process

also known as the Krebs cycle, which leads to the creation of a few ATP molecules and the waste product of carbon dioxide

Question 15

A series of protein complexes that transfer protons and electrons received from the citric acid cycle through a series of reactions to create adenosine triphosphate.

second set of reactions in the oxidative phosphorylation process

Answer 15

electron transport chain (ETC)

Question 16

Oxidative phosphorylation uses a series of chemical reactions leading to the end result of creating ATP and carbon dioxide. This pathway includes two sets of reactions. Both sets occur in cellular organelles called the

Answer 16

Mitochondria

Question 17

Produced by the breakdown of carbohydrates through glycolysis and by the fatty acids through beta-oxidation and is the precursor for these substrates to the citric acid cycle.

Answer 17

Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)

Question 17

Produced by the breakdown of carbohydrates through glycolysis and by the fatty acids through beta-oxidation and is the precursor for these substrates to the citric acid cycle.

Answer 17

Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)

Question 18

The first step in the process to break down fats via oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer 18

beta-oxidation

Question 19

True or false:

Unlike the initial anaerobic metabolism of glucose, using fat as an energy source always requires oxygen.

Answer 19

true

Question 20

true or false:

Athletes and well-conditioned people tend to have less mitochondria in their muscle cells than sedentary individuals

Answer 20

false; they have more

Question 21

Ketones (ketone bodies)

Answer 21

byproducts of the breakdown of fatty acids

Question 22

state of carb depletion where the liver manufactures ketone bodies to meet energy demands

Answer 22

ketosis

Question 23

isolated ketone bodies usually consumed in supplement form

Answer 23

Exogenous ketones

Question 24

metabolic acidosis induced by very high levels of ketone bodies

Answer 24

ketoacidosis