3.7 Human Movement Sciences Flashcards
The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems.
Human movement system (HMS)
A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.
Kinetic Chain
The concept describing the integrated functioning of multiple body systems or regions of the body.
Regional interdependence model
Movement represents the integrated functioning of three main systems within the human body:
the nervous system, the skeletal system, and the muscular system
The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.
study of mechanical laws or principles relating to movement
biomechanics
Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology.
Kinesiology
The position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms forward. It is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature.
anatomic position
Definition: Relatively closer to the midline of the body
Example: The adductors (inner thigh muscles) attach
to the medial side of the femur (thigh bone).
Medial
Def: Relatively farther away from the midline or
toward the outside of the body
ex: The ears are positioned laterally on the
head.
Lateral
def: Positioned on the opposite side of the body
ex: The right foot is contralateral to the left hand.
Contalateral
def: Positioned on the same side of the body
ex: The right foot is ipsilateral to the right hand.
Ipsilateral
def: Positioned on or toward the front of the
body
ex: The quadriceps are located on the anterior
aspect of the thigh.
Anterior
def: Positioned on or toward the back of the
body
ex: The hamstring complex is located on the
posterior aspect of the thigh.
Posterior
def: Positioned nearest to the center of the body
or other identified reference point
ex: The wrist is more proximal to the elbow than
the fingers.
Proximal
def: Positioned farthest from the center of the
body or other identified reference point
ex: The ankle is more distal to the hip than the
knee.
Distal
def: Positioned below an identified reference
point
ex: The soleus (calf muscle) is inferior to the
hamstring complex.
Inferior
def: positioned above an identified reference point
ex: The pelvis is superior to the tibia (shin bone).
Superior
Movement of a limb that is visible.
Osteokinematics
The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.
Arthrokinematics
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.
Saggital Plane
A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.
Flexion
A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.
extension
Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.
hyperextension
Flexion occurring at the ankle. pointing foot upwards
dorsiflexion
Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing the foot downwards.
plantar flexion
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves. Movement in the frontal plane includes abduction, adduction, and side-to-side motions.
Fontal plane
A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.
Abduction
Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body.
adduction
Bending of the spine from side to side.
lateral flexion
A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves laterally. The bottom of foot faces outward.
eversion
A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves medially. Bottom of foot faces inward.
inversion
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.
transverse plane
Rotation of a body segment toward the middle of the body.
internal rotation
Rotation of a body segment away from the middle of the body.
external rotation
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.
horizontal abduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.
horizontal adduction
Inward rotation of the forearm from a palm-up position to a palm-down position.
Radioulnar pronation
Outward rotation of the forearm from a palm-down position to a palm-up position.
Radioulnar supination
Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction; associated with force reduction.
pronation of the foot
Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of inversion, plantar flexion, and ankle adduction; associated with force production.
supination of the foot
Biomechanical motion of the lower extremities during walking, running, and sprinting.
gait
Adduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline.
scapular retraction
Abduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline.
Scapular protraction
Downward (inferior) motion of the scapulae.
Scapular depression
Upward (superior) motion of the scapulae.
Scapular elevation
The ability of soft tissues to return to resting length after being stretched.
Elasticity
The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of motion of a joint.
Flexibility
A state where a lack of neuromuscular support leads to a joint having more range of motion than it should, greatly increasing the risk of injury at that joint.
Hypermobility
When range of motion at a joint is limited.
Hypomobility
three overarching types of muscle actions:
- isotonic: Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion. Isotonic muscle actions are subdivided into concentric and eccentric muscle actions.
- isometric: Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint.
- isokinetic: The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted. It requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories
Isotonic muscle action
Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion. Isotonic muscle actions are subdivided into concentric and eccentric muscle actions.
either eccentric or concentric and represent the lowering and lifting phases of resistance training exercises, respectively
Isometric muscle action
Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint.
Isokinetic muscle action
The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted.
It requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories.
example of isometric muscle contraction
biceps brachii muscle contracts concentrically and shortens to flex the elbow and curl the dumbbell up to the shoulder and contracts eccentrically while the elbow extends and lowers the dumbbell back down.
A muscle action that occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.
Eccentric muscle action
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates.
motor unit
A muscle action that occurs when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in a shortening of the muscle.
concentric muscle action
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length.
isometric muscle action
The structures that make up the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex (LPHC), including the lumbar spine, pelvic girdle, abdomen, and hip joint.
core
The full range of eccentric, isometric, and concentric muscle contractions required to perform a movement.
muscle action spectrum
The primary muscles providing force for a movement. “prime-movers”
agonists
Muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement.
synergists
Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body moves.
stabilizers
When a muscle is automatically activated in anticipation of a movement.
feed forward activation
Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscles.
antagonists
closed-chain movements
the distal segments, such as a person’s hands or feet, are fixed and remain in contact with a stationary surface. require the movement of multiple joints in a predictable manner with the contraction of multiple muscle groups
push-ups, squats, pull-ups, or lunges.
open-chain movements
distal segments (hands and feet) are not fixed, and they are free to move in space. tend to focus on isolating the prime mover muscles
lat pulldown, biceps curl, bench press, leg curl, and leg extension exercises
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.
force
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.
length-tension relationship
When all muscles surrounding a joint have optimal length-tension relationships, allowing the joint to rest in a neutral position.
muscle balance
When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce.
altered length-tension relationship
When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen.
reciprocal inhibition
Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist.
altered reciprocal inhibition
The optimal resting position of a joint that allows it to function efficiently through its entire normal range of motion.
neutral position
Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction.
stretch-shortening cycle
Springlike noncontractile component of muscle and tendon that stores elastic energy.
Series elastic component
The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading during the stretch-shortening cycle.
amortization phase
Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.
stretch reflex
To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically).
Integrated performance paradigm
the stretch-shortening cycle in exercise is the basis for what type of training?
plyometric training
The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint.
force couple relationship
True or false: Muscles can only pull on their respective bones—muscles cannot actively push.
true
Muscular stabilization systems located in joints distal of the spine.
joint support systems
global muscles can be categorized into subsystems, which include
- deep longitudinal system (DLS): includes muscles of the lower leg, hamstrings, and lower back region
- posterior oblique (POS): latissimus dorsi, thoracolumbar fascia (connective tissue of the low-back), and contralateral gluteus maximus.
- anterior oblique (AOS): similar to the POS, just on the anterior side of the body - obliques, the adductor (inner) thigh muscles, and the hip external rotators
- lateral subsystem: (LS) is made up of the lateral hip (gluteus medius) and medial thigh muscles (adductors) and the contralateral quadratus lumborum, all of which provide movement in the frontal plane
classifications of levers
- first: have the fulcrum in the middle, like a seesaw. Nodding the head is an example of a first-class lever, with the top of the spinal column as the fulcrum (Levangie et al., 2019).
- second: resistance in the middle with the fulcrum and effort on either side, similar to a load in a wheelbarrow where the axle and wheel are the fulcrum points. The body acts as a second-class lever when one engages in a full-body push-up or calf raise
- third class: effort placed between the resistance and the fulcrum. The effort always travels a shorter distance and must be greater than the resistance. Most limbs of the human body operate as third-class levers. An example of a third-class lever is the human forearm; the fulcrum is the elbow, the effort is applied by the biceps brachii muscle, and the load is in the hand
Movement of the bones around the joints.
rotary motion
A force that produces rotation; common unit of measurement is the Newton meter (Nm).
torque
closer the weight is to the point of rotation, the less torque it creates (Figure 7-24). The farther away the weight is from the point of rotation, the more torque it creates.
Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.
motor behavior
How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.
motor control
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled motor behavior.
motor learning
Change in skilled motor behavior over time throughout the life span.
motor development
Groups of muscles that are recruited simultaneously by the central nervous system to provide movement.
muscle synergies
Cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.
sensorimotor integration
Use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning.
feedback
internal and external
Process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.
internal feedback
Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.
external feedback
knowledge of results and knowledge of performance
The ability of the nervous system to recruit the correct muscles to produce force, reduce force, and dynamically stabilize the body’s structure in all three planes of motion.
neuromuscular efficiency
exercise progressions require greater focus on maintaining ideal postural control and balance rather than increasing external load
proprioceptive demand
increasing sets or reps
volume
increasing load, exercise selection, or planes of motion
intensity
Phase 1 Stabilization Endurance Training focuses on the following:
- Teaching ideal movement patterns and exercise skills
- Increasing flexibility and joint mobility
- Correcting identified muscle imbalances based on assessment results
- Increasing joint and core stability
- Improving muscular endurance and aerobic capacity
- Enhancing proprioception, balance, and overall coordination
- Promoting client confidence and adherence to exercise
The flexibility techniques used in a Phase 1 Stabilization Endurance Training Program include
(1) self-myofascial techniques
(2) static stretching
(3) optional dynamic stretching
Self-myofascial techniques and static stretching should focus on areas that have been determined as overactive during the assessment process.
Stability and support of individual spine segments.
Intervertebral stability
main goal of balance training
continually increase the client’s awareness of their limit of stability by creating controlled instability
The ability of the nervous system to recruit the correct muscles to produce force, reduce force, and dynamically stabilize the body’s structure in all three planes of motion.
neuromuscular efficiency
The strength level of training focuses on the following:
- Increasing the ability of the core musculature to stabilize the pelvis and spine under heavier loads, through greater ranges of motion
- Increasing the load-bearing capabilities of muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints
- Increasing the volume of training
- Increasing metabolic demand by taxing the phosphocreatine (ATP-PC) and glycolytic energy systems to induce cellular changes in muscle
- Increasing recruitment of more motor units to overcome an external load (maximal strength)
techniques in which a more strength-focused exercise (such as a bench press) is immediately followed with a stabilization-focused exercise with similar biomechanical motions (such as a push-up).
super sets (phase 2 strength endurance)
Low-intensity exercise consisting of movements that mimic those to be included in the more intense exercise immediately following.
specific warm up
Definition/equation of power
Power is defined as force multiplied by velocity (P = F × V).
power level resistance training
supersetting a strength-focused exercise with a power-focused exercise for each body part (such as performing a heavy barbell bench press superset with an explosive medicine ball chest pass). This form of training is also known as complex training and contrast training
iceberg effect
exercise programming involves more than what we see at the surface, such as reducing body fat, gaining muscle mass, or increasing strength and power (Teyhen et al., 2014). This is known as the “iceberg effect”
above: athletic performance (endurance, power, SAQ, strength, hypertrophy)
below: functional movement (proper movement, stability, mobility)
