3.5-3.6 Body Systems

Question 1

The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems.

Answer 1

Human Movement System (HMS)

Question 2

A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.

Answer 2

Kinetic Chain

Question 3

A network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body.

Answer 3

Nervous System

Question 4

Specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system.

Provide the nervous system with the ability to communicate with itself, as well as with the outside environment.

Process and transmit information through electrical and chemical signals.

Form the core of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

Answer 4

Neuron

Question 5

What are neurons composed of?

Answer 5

Neurons are composed of three main parts: cell body, axon, and dendrites

Question 6

Cellular structure or organelle that contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes.

Answer 6

Nucleus

Question 7

Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell. Examples include nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 7

Organelles

Question 8

The parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouses of the cell.

Answer 8

Mitochondria

Question 9

A part of the body, such as a muscle or organ, that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response.

Answer 9

Effector Sites

Question 10

Minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium.

Answer 10

Electrolytes

Question 11

A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 11

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Question 12

Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system.

Answer 12

Peripheral Nervous Systems (PNS)

Question 13

Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system.

Answer 13

Afferent Pathway

Question 14

A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

Answer 14

Efferent Pathway

Question 15

Neurons located within the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons.

Answer 15

Interneurons

Question 16

Specialized structures located throughout the body that convert environmental stimuli (heat, light, sound, taste, motion) into sensory information that the brain and spinal cord use to produce a response

subdivided into mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors

Answer 16

Sensory Receptors

Question 17

Sensory receptors use the what pathway to send information to the CNS?

Answer 17

Afferent Pathway

Question 18

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.

Arguably relate most to the science of human movement, making them the most important for fitness professionals to understand

Answer 18

Mechanoreceptors

Question 19

Specialized structures that respond to pain

Answer 19

Nociceptors

Question 20

Specialized structures that respond to chemical interaction (smell and taste)

Answer 20

Chemoreceptors

Question 21

Specialized structures that respond to light (vision)

Answer 21

Photoreceptors

Question 22

What are the subdivisions of the PNS?

Answer 22

Somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Question 23

Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement.

Answer 23

Somatic Nervous System

Question 24

A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones).

Answer 24

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 25

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.

Increases neural activity and signals different endocrine organs to release hormones, such as adrenaline, that increase heart rate, breathing, and alertness. This process is often termed fight or flight, where the body is put into a more excited (i.e., heightened) state in anticipation of an increase in activity

Answer 25

Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 26

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.

Decreases neural activity by suspending the release of excitatory hormones. This puts the body in a more relaxed state, which is often termed rest and digest

Answer 26

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 27

What are the three primary functions of the nervous system?

Answer 27

sensory, integrative, and motor functions

Question 28

Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.

Answer 28

Sensory Function

Question 29

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.

Answer 29

Proprioception

Question 30

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response.

Answer 30

Integrative Function

Question 31

The neuromuscular (or nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information.

Answer 31

Motor Function

Question 32

Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

Answer 32

Muscle Spindles

Question 33

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.

Answer 33

Stretch Reflex

Question 34

A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.

Answer 34

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

Question 35

Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.

Answer 35

Joint Receptors

Question 36

The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire life span. (Neuronal changes)

Answer 36

Neuroplasticity

Question 37

The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord. (Neuronal connections)

Answer 37

Neurocircuitry

Question 38

What are the 3 stages of motor skill development?

Answer 38

Stage 1 (cognitive): The client is just learning a skill. They understand the goals of the skill and develop movement strategies and can perform the skill but with inconsistent performance.

Stage 2 (associative): The client begins to understand the skill. Through practice, they refine the skill and movement strategy and can perform the skill with less error.

Stage 3 (autonomous): The client has mastered the skill. They perform the skill consistently with no error and independently modify the skill without error.

Question 39

Specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor subsystems.

Answer 39

Motor Skills

Question 40

A description of the bones of the body.

Answer 40

Skeletal System

Question 41

A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture.

Answer 41

Osteoporosis

Question 42

The sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction.

Answer 42

Joints

Question 43

What are the 2 parts of the skeleton?

Answer 43

1. axial skeletal system

2. appendicular skeletal system

Question 44

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column. (80 bones)

Answer 44

Axial Skeleton

Question 45

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle. (126 bones)

Answer 45

Appendicular Skeleton

Question 46

How many bones are in the human body?

Answer 46

206 bones

Question 47

Rigid rods where muscles attach.

Answer 47

Levers

Question 48

The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure.

Answer 48

Remodeling

Question 49

Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.

Answer 49

Osteoclasts

Question 50

Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue.

Answer 50

Osteoblasts

Question 51

Scientific explanation of how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone.

Answer 51

Wolff’s law

Question 52

What are the 5 major types of bones in the skeletal system?

Answer 52

1. long
2. short
3. flat
4. irregular
5. sesamoid

Question 53

Long, cylindrical shaft with irregular or widened ends

ex:
Humerus (i.e., the upper arm bone)
Femur (i.e., the thigh bone)

Answer 53

Long bones

Question 54

Similar in length and width and appear somewhat cubical in shape

Ex:
Carpals of the wrist
Tarsals of the ankle

Answer 54

Short bones

Question 55

Thin, protective surfaces that provide broad surfaces for muscles to attach

ex:
Scapulae (i.e., the shoulder blades)
Sternum (i.e., the breast plate)
Ribs

Answer 55

Flat bones

Question 56

Unique shape and function from all other bone types

ex:
Vertebrae (i.e., the spinal column)

Answer 56

Irregular bones

Question 57

Small, often round bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint

ex:
Patella (i.e., the kneecap)

Answer 57

Sesamoid bones

Question 58

What are the 2 categories of bone markings?

Answer 58

1. depressions

2. processes

Question 59

Flattened or indented portions of bone.

Answer 59

Depressions

Question 60

What are two common types of bone depressions?

Answer 60

1. fossa

2. sulcus

Question 61

a groove in a bone that allows soft tissue (i.e., muscle, tendons, and ligaments) to pass through.

Answer 61

sulcus bone depression

Question 62

Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach.

Answer 62

Processes

Question 63

Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral regions.

Answer 63

Vertebral Column (Spinal Column)

Question 64

Bundle of nerves housed within the vertebrae.

Answer 64

Spinal cord

Question 65

First seven vertebrae starting at the top of the spinal column

Form a flexible framework and provide support and motion for the head

Answer 65

Cervical spine (C1–C7)

Question 66

Twelve vertebrae located in the upper and middle back behind the ribs

Each vertebra articulates with a rib helping form the rear anchor of the rib cage

Larger than cervical vertebrae and increase in size from top to bottom

Answer 66

Thoracic spine (T1–T12)

Question 67

Five vertebrae of the low-back below the thoracic spine

Largest segments in the spinal column

Support most of the body’s weight and are attached to many back muscles

Answer 67

Lumbar spine (L1–L5)

Question 68

Triangular bone located below the lumbar spine

Composed of five vertebrae that fuse together as the body develops into adulthood

Answer 68

Sacrum

Question 69

Located below the sacrum, more commonly known as the tailbone

Composed of three to five small fused bones

Answer 69

Coccyx

Question 70

Fibrous cartilage structures between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and assist with movement.

Answer 70

Intervertebral Discs

Question 71

Represents a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load and can most optimally support functional movement.

Answer 71

Neutral Spine

Question 72

What are the three major curvatures of the adult human spine?

Answer 72

1. Posterior (concave) cervical curve (hollowed or rounded inward)
2. Posterior (convex) thoracic curve (curved or rounded outward)
3. Posterior (concave) lumbar curve (hollowed or rounded inward)

Question 73

Movement of a limb that is visible.

Description of bone movement (e.g., flexion and extension)

Answer 73

Osteokinematics

Question 74

The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.

description of joint movement (i.e., the interaction between two bone surfaces)

Answer 74

Arthrokinematics

Question 75

A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule.

Most common joints associated with human movement.

Comprise approximately 80% of all the joints in the body and have the greatest capacity for motion

Answer 75

Synovial joints

Question 76

A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side.

Answer 76

Nonaxial

Question 77

Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.

An example of this joint includes sutures of the skull

Answer 77

Nonsynovial Joint

Question 78

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

Answer 78

Ligament

Question 79

What are the 2 primary proteins in a ligament?

Answer 79

1. collagen

2. elastin

Question 80

A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body.

Answer 80

Collagen

Question 81

A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures.

Answer 81

Elastin

Question 82

What are the three types of muscles in the body?

Answer 82

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Question 83

The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement.

Answer 83

Skeletal Muscle

Question 84

Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones.

Answer 84

Fascia

Question 85

Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle, commonly referred to as the “deep fascia.”

Answer 85

Epimysium

Question 86

Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle. Fascicles are surrounded by perimysium.

Answer 86

Fascicles

Question 87

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle.

Answer 87

Perimysium

Question 88

Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle.

Answer 88

Endomysium

Question 89

Connect muscles to bones.

When overstretched or torn, this is known as a strain.

Answer 89

Tendons

Question 90

Connect bones to bones

When overstretched or torn, it is known as a sprain.

Answer 90

Ligament

Question 91

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.

Answer 91

Glycogen

Question 92

Protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles.

Answer 92

Myoglobin

Question 93

Each individual muscle fiber is then made up of these structures

The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within this.

Answer 93

Myofibrils

Question 94

The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin.

Answer 94

Myofilaments

Question 95

The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction.

Answer 95

Actin

Question 96

The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction.

Answer 96

Myosin

Question 97

The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.

The actin and myosin filaments form a number of repeating sections within the myofibrils. Each one of these particular repeating sections is known as X

Answer 97

Sarcomere

Question 98

The meeting point of each sarcomere.

Answer 98

Z line

Question 99

The nervous system’s signal that tells a muscle to contract.

Answer 99

Neural activation

Question 100

The specialized site where the nervous system communicates directly with muscle fibers.

Answer 100

Neuromuscular Junction

Question 101

A junction or small gap between the motor neuron and muscle cells.

Answer 101

Synapse

Question 102

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates.

Answer 102

Motor Unit

Question 103

Nerve impulse that is relayed from the central nervous system, through the peripheral nervous system, and into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction.

Answer 103

Action potential

Question 104

Chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission.

Answer 104

Neurotransmitters

Question 105

A neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction.

Answer 105

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 106

The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere.

Answer 106

Sliding Filament Theory

Question 107

The physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a muscle contraction.

Answer 107

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Question 108

What facilitates the nerve impulse from the CNS to the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 108

Electrolytes (sodium & potassium)

Question 109

During excitation-contraction coupling, the nerve impulse travels into the muscle infrastructure stimulating a small organ called the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release what electrolyte?

Answer 109

Calcium

Question 110

The myosin heads bind to actin and pull them toward the sarcomere center, which slides the filaments past each other, shortening the muscle.

Answer 110

Power Stroke

Question 111

A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body.

provide energy to the myosin heads during muscle contraction

Answer 111

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 112

The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched.

Answer 112

Resting length

Question 113

The two major principles in sliding filament theory include the following:

Answer 113

1. A sarcomere shortens as a result of the Z-lines moving closer together (i.e., converging).
2. The Z-lines converge as the result of myosin filaments’ heads attaching to the actin filament’s heads, pulling the actin across the myosin, resulting in shortening of the muscle fiber.

Question 114

What are the most essential electrolytes for muscle function?

Answer 114

calcium, potassium, sodium, and water

Question 115

This electroylte, which is electrically conductive, can be considered the main electrolyte of the body because it is involved in most scenarios of bodily function

Answer 115

Water

Question 116

Muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue.

ex: maintaining upright posture

“Slow twitch”

higher myoglobin (oxygen carrying) - “red fibers”

Answer 116

Type I muscle fibers

Question 117

Muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue.

ex: running/jumping

“Fast twitch”

limited myoglobin (lower oxygen) - “white fibers”

Answer 117

Type II muscle fibers

Question 118

Motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all.

Answer 118

All-or-Nothing Principle

Question 119

The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues.

Answer 119

Capillaries

Question 120

Type II muscle fibers are subdivided into 2 types -

Answer 120

type IIa (slightly oxidative capacity) and type IIx (lower oxidative capacity)

Question 121

A system of the body composed of the heart, blood, blood vessels, lungs, and airways.

Made up of

1. Cardiovascular system
2. Respiratory system

Answer 121

Cardiorespiratory System

Question 122

A system of the body, also known as the circulatory system, that transports blood to tissues of the body.

Answer 122

Cardiovascular system

Question 123

Chamber within the chest that contains the heart and lungs.

Answer 123

Thoracic Cavity

Question 124

The space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest (e.g., heart, esophagus) except the lungs.

Answer 124

Mediastinum

Question 125

Muscle of the heart. (typically involuntary)

Answer 125

Cardiac Muscle

Question 126

The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement.

Answer 126

Skeletal Muscle

Question 127

An involuntary nonstriated muscle type that is found in organs.

Answer 127

Smooth Muscle

Question 128

The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril.

Answer 128

Myofibrils

Question 129

The structural unit of a myofibril, composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.

Answer 129

Sarcomere

Question 130

Superior chamber(s) of the heart that gathers blood returning to the heart.

Answer 130

Atrium (atria)

Question 131

Inferior chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs and body.

Answer 131

Ventricle

Question 132

Found in the heart, these formations help hold together muscle cells.

Answer 132

Intercalated discs

Question 133

The number of heart beats per minute while at complete rest.

Answer 133

Resting Heart Rates (RHR)

Question 134

Located in the right atrium, this node initiates an electrical signal that causes the heart to beat.

Answer 134

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 135

Located between the atria and ventricles, this node delays the impulse from the sinoatrial node before allowing it to pass to the ventricles.

Answer 135

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Question 136

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction.

Answer 136

Stroke Volume

Question 137

The filled volume of the ventricle before contraction.

Answer 137

End-diastolic volume

Question 138

The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after ejection.

Answer 138

End-systolic volume

Question 139

The measurement of the number of times a heart beats within a specified time period (usually 1 minute).

Answer 139

Heart Rate (HR)

Question 140

When the heart rate is less than 60 beats per minute.

Answer 140

Bradycardia

Question 141

When the heart rate is greater than 100 beats per minute.

Answer 141

Tachycardia

Question 142

The overall performance of the heart (heart rate × stroke volume).

Answer 142

Cardiac output (Q)

Question 143

The difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume represents what?

Answer 143

stroke volume

Question 144

Fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins; it carries nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body and also transports waste products from the body to other compartments or organs for either processing (e.g., liver) or excretion (e.g., kidney).

Answer 144

blood

Question 145

There are three kinds of cells in the blood:

Answer 145

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Question 146

Substances within the blood that attach to cells, aid in growth and development, and help with healing after injury

Answer 146

growth factors

Question 147

Cells within the body that divide and develop into specialized cells, such as brain cells, blood cells, heart cells, and bone cells.

Answer 147

stem cells

Question 148

Network of hollow tubes that circulates blood throughout the body.

Answer 148

blood vessels

Question 149

Vessels that transport blood away from the heart.

Answer 149

arteries

Question 150

The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues.

Answer 150

capillaries

Question 151

Vessels that transport blood back to the heart.

Answer 151

veins

Question 152

Small arteries that eventually divide into capillaries.

Answer 152

arterioles

Question 153

The largest artery in the body, which carries blood away from the heart

Answer 153

aorta

Question 154

Small veins that allows blood to drain from capillaries into the larger veins.

Answer 154

venules

Question 155

The formation of new capillaries.

Answer 155

Vasculogenesis

Question 156

The formation of new capillaries from existing blood vessels.

Answer 156

Angiogenesis

Question 157

The accumulation of blood into the extremities due to slow blood flow though the veins (venous return) or backflow.

Answer 157

Venous pooling

Question 158

The outward pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls; reported as systolic/ diastolic.

Answer 158

Blood Pressure (BP)

Question 159

The amount of resistance in the arteries that must be overcome for blood to flow.

Answer 159

Peripheral resistance

Question 160

X reflects the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts

Answer 160

systolic pressure

Question 161

X reflects the arterial pressure during relaxation of the heart, when the heart fills with blood between beats.

Answer 161

diastolic pressure

Question 162

Consistently elevated blood pressure.

Answer 162

Hypertension

Question 163

A bodily system, also known as the pulmonary system, that brings oxygen into the lungs from breathed air while removing carbon dioxide from the lungs into the outside air; includes airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles.

Answer 163

Respiratory System

Question 164

Composed of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissues (muscles) that work together to allow for proper respiratory mechanics as well as pumping blood back to the heart during inspiration.

Answer 164

Respiratory pump

Question 165

The process of contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body. (inhale)

Answer 165

Inspiration

Question 166

The process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body. (exhale)

Answer 166

Expiration

Question 167

A process that involves expiring against a closed windpipe, creating additional intra-abdominal pressure and spinal stability.

This will temporarily increase blood pressure. This technique should be minimized when training a client diagnosed with high blood pressure (hypertension).

Answer 167

Valsalva maneuver

Question 168

The respiratory passages are divided into two categories:

Answer 168

the conducting airways and the respiratory airways

Question 169

The process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body.

Answer 169

Diffusion

Question 170

Respiratory rate that is too fast; greater than 24 breaths per minute.

Answer 170

Tachypnea

Question 171

Respiratory rate that is too slow; fewer than 8 breaths per minute.

Answer 171

Bradypnea

Question 172

Shortness of breath or labored breathing.

Answer 172

Dyspnea

Question 173

Breathing deeply by allowing the expansion of the abdominal area.

Answer 173

Diaphragmatic breathing

Question 174

The breakdown and utilization of fat for energy.

Answer 174

Lipolysis

Question 175

A substance in the body that causes a specific reaction or change.

Answer 175

Enzyme

Question 176

Cells that release substances into the bloodstream (such as hormones) or other surface of the body.

Answer 176

Glands

Question 177

Chemical messenger released from a gland that travels to cells to activate a specific function.

Answer 177

Hormone

Question 178

Cell that receives a message from a hormone or enzyme. Target cells exert an action after being stimulated or activated.

Answer 178

Target (receptor) cell

Question 179

What are the primary endocrine glands?

Answer 179

hypothalamus, pineal, pancreas, thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, and reproductive glands

Question 180

A gland located in the brain that communicates with the pituitary gland.

Answer 180

Hypothalamus

Question 181

A small gland in the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps regulate sleep cycles.

Answer 181

Pineal Gland

Question 182

An organ with numerous functions, including the production of insulin, glucagon, and digestive juices.

Answer 182

Pancreas

Question 183

An endocrine gland, located in the anterior neck, responsible for the secretion of many hormones, including thyroxin and calcitonin.

Answer 183

Thyroid

Question 184

An endocrine gland that controls the secretion of many hormones, including growth hormone. (balls)

three different sections or lobes—the anterior, intermediate, and posterior lobe

Answer 184

Pituitary Gland

Question 185

A gland, located just above the kidneys, responsible for the secretion of catecholamines and cortisol.

Answer 185

Adrenal Gland

Question 186

Glands, such as the ovaries or testes, that serve sex-specific functions.

Answer 186

Reproductive Glands

Question 187

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that is responsible for glucose metabolism.

Answer 187

Insulin

Question 188

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose and functions opposite to insulin.

primarily works to raise blood glucose levels by triggering the release of glycogen stores from the liver

Answer 188

Glucagon

Question 189

Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate.

Answer 189

Substrates

Question 190

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.

Answer 190

Glycogen

Question 191

An anabolic hormone produced by the pituitary gland that is responsible for growth and development.

Answer 191

Growth Hormone

Question 192

Hormones produced by the adrenal glands that are part of the stress response known as the fight-or-flight response.

epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) and norepinephrine

Answer 192

Catecholamines

Question 193

In preparation for activity, the hypothalamus(part of the brain) and the nervous system of the body triggers the adrenal medulla to secrete more epinephrine. This will have several specific physiological effects that will help sustain exercise activity, such as:

Answer 193

Increase heart rate and stroke volume
Elevate blood glucose levels
Redistribute blood to working tissues
Open up the airways
Improve the body’s ability to break down and use fat for energy (McArdle et al., 2016)

Question 194

Metabolic process that breaks down molecules into smaller units used for energy.

Answer 194

Catabolic

Question 195

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats).

Answer 195

Glucogenesis

Question 196

Excessive frequency, volume, or intensity of training, resulting in reduction of performance, which is also caused by a lack of proper rest and recovery.

Answer 196

Overtraining

Question 197

typically referred to as a catabolic hormone (associated with tissue breakdown). Under times of stress, such as exercise, cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex and serves to maintain energy supply through the breakdown of fats and protein.

Answer 197

Cortisol

Question 198

A hormone producing secondary male sex characteristics.

Answer 198

Testosterone

Question 199

Metabolic process that synthesizes smaller molecules into larger units used for building and repairing tissues.

Raised levels of testosterone are indicative of this (tissue-building) status

Answer 199

Anabolic

Question 200

Hormone that is produced primarily in the ovaries in the female, with small amounts produced in the adrenal glands in males

Answer 200

Estrogen

Question 201

Hormone that is primarily an anabolic hormone that is responsible for most of the growth and development during childhood up until puberty, when the primary sex hormones take over that control

Answer 201

Growth Hormone

Question 202

Anabolic hormone produced by the liver, which is responsible for growth and development.

Answer 202

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF)

Question 203

The amount of energy required to maintain the body at rest.

Answer 203

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Question 204

Thyroid hormone that helps the body use calcium properly to aid with maintaining bone mineral density.

Answer 204

Calcitonin

Question 205

A condition that results in elevated blood glucose levels.

Answer 205

Glucose intolerance

Question 206

An organ found below the liver, on the right side of the body, that receives bile from the liver and secretes it into the duodenum.

Answer 206

gall bladder

Question 207

An organ in the upper-right abdominal cavity with numerous functions, including the production and secretion of bile, which is stored and concentrated in the gall bladder prior to release into the duodenum.

Answer 207

liver

Question 208

In the digestive system, refers to movements of the anatomical structures that allow contents to pass through.

passage of food in digestive tract

Answer 208

motility

Question 209

The mechanical process whereby the oral muscles break down food.

chewing

Answer 209

mastication

Question 210

The muscle action of the gastrointestinal system that pushes food through the body during digestion.

Answer 210

Peristalsis

Question 211

Multistep process that describes the passage of food through the body.

Answer 211

digestion

Question 212

The process of nutrients being absorbed into the body during the digestive process.

Answer 212

absorbtion

Question 213

The anatomical part of the digestive tract that allows food to pass from oral cavity to stomach.

Answer 213

esophagus

Question 214

The act of taking food, liquid, or other substances into the body in preparation for digestion.

Answer 214

ingestion

Question 215

A semifluid mass of digested food that is passed from the stomach to the small intestine.

Answer 215

chyme

Question 216

Part of the small intestine that resides between the stomach and the jejunum.

Answer 216

Duodenum

Question 217

Part of the small intestine that resides between the duodenum and the ileum.

Answer 217

Jejunum

Question 218

The final section of the small intestine, located between the jejunum and the cecum and leads to the large intestine.

Answer 218

Ileum