3.5.2 Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of respiration

A

To produce ATP

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2
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

In the cytoplasm

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3
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic

A

Anaerobic

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4
Q

What is the first step of glycolysis

A

Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose phosphate using ATP

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5
Q

What is produced after glucose phosphate in glycolysis

A

Triose phosphate

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6
Q

What happens to triose phosphate in glycolysis

A

It is oxidised to pyruvate

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7
Q

What are the products of glycolysis

A

Net gain of ATP and reduced NAD and pyruvate

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8
Q

What happens to pyruvate in anaerobic respiration

A

Converted to ethanol or lactate using reduced NAD

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9
Q

Why is oxidised NAD important in anaerobic respiration

A

It can be reused in further glycolysis

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10
Q

How does pyruvate enter mitochondria in aerobic respiration

A

By active transport into the mitochondrial matrix

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11
Q

What happens to pyruvate in the link reaction

A

It is oxidised to acetate producing reduced NAD

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12
Q

What does acetate combine with in the link reaction

A

Coenzyme A

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13
Q

What is produced when acetate and coenzyme A combine

A

Acetylcoenzyme A

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14
Q

What does acetylcoenzyme A react with in the Krebs cycle

A

A four carbon molecule

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15
Q

What is released when acetylcoenzyme A enters the Krebs cycle

A

Coenzyme A

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16
Q

What does the Krebs cycle produce

A

A six carbon molecule that enters a series of oxidation reduction reactions

17
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle

A

Reduced coenzymes and ATP by substrate level phosphorylation and carbon dioxide

18
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation

A

The synthesis of ATP using energy released by electrons down the electron transfer chain

19
Q

What happens as electrons pass down the electron transfer chain

A

Protons are transferred across the inner mitochondrial membrane

20
Q

What catalyses the synthesis of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP synthase embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

21
Q

What is the name of the theory that explains ATP synthesis in mitochondria

A

Chemiosmotic theory

22
Q

What other molecules can act as respiratory substrates

A

Breakdown products of lipids and amino acids

23
Q

How do lipids and amino acids enter the respiration pathway

A

They enter the Krebs cycle

24
Q

How is ATP produced? (11)

A
  1. ATP produced in glycolysis;
  2. Involving the oxidation of glucose/TP to pyruvate;
  3. ATP production/ Substrate level phosphorylation directly from Krebs cycle;
  4. Glycolysis/Krebs cycle produce reduced NAD/FAD;
  5. Reduced NAD/FAD transfer electrons to electron transport chain;
  6. Electrons transferred down a chain of carriers;
  7. (Carriers) at decreasing energy levels;
  8. Energy (lost by electrons) used to produce ATP;
  9. From ADP and (inorganic) phosphate;
  10. Protons move into intermembrane space;
  11. ATP synthase;
25
Q

Describe chemiosmosis. (4)

A
  1. Electrons transferred down electron transfer chain;
  2. Provide energy to transport protons into space between membranes;
  3. Protons diffuse/pass back, through membrane/into matrix/through ATP synthase;
  4. Energy (from H+ movement) used to combine ADP and phosphate to form ATP
26
Q

Why is there less ATP produced in anaerobic
respiration? (4)

A
  1. ATP formed as electrons pass along transport chain;
  2. Oxygen is terminal electron acceptor
  3. Forms H2O;
  4. Electrons cannot be passed along electron transport chain if no O2 to accept them;
27
Q

Describe anaerobic respiration in
animals. (5)

A
  1. Forms lactate;
  2. Use of NADH;
  3. Regenerates NAD;
  4. NAD allows glycolysis to continue;
  5. Can still release energy from ATP when no oxygen;