3.5.2 Respiration Flashcards
What is the purpose of respiration
To produce ATP
Where does glycolysis occur
In the cytoplasm
Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic
Anaerobic
What is the first step of glycolysis
Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose phosphate using ATP
What is produced after glucose phosphate in glycolysis
Triose phosphate
What happens to triose phosphate in glycolysis
It is oxidised to pyruvate
What are the products of glycolysis
Net gain of ATP and reduced NAD and pyruvate
What happens to pyruvate in anaerobic respiration
Converted to ethanol or lactate using reduced NAD
Why is oxidised NAD important in anaerobic respiration
It can be reused in further glycolysis
How does pyruvate enter mitochondria in aerobic respiration
By active transport into the mitochondrial matrix
What happens to pyruvate in the link reaction
It is oxidised to acetate producing reduced NAD
What does acetate combine with in the link reaction
Coenzyme A
What is produced when acetate and coenzyme A combine
Acetylcoenzyme A
What does acetylcoenzyme A react with in the Krebs cycle
A four carbon molecule
What is released when acetylcoenzyme A enters the Krebs cycle
Coenzyme A
What does the Krebs cycle produce
A six carbon molecule that enters a series of oxidation reduction reactions
What are the products of the Krebs cycle
Reduced coenzymes and ATP by substrate level phosphorylation and carbon dioxide
What is oxidative phosphorylation
The synthesis of ATP using energy released by electrons down the electron transfer chain
What happens as electrons pass down the electron transfer chain
Protons are transferred across the inner mitochondrial membrane
What catalyses the synthesis of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation
ATP synthase embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane
What is the name of the theory that explains ATP synthesis in mitochondria
Chemiosmotic theory
What other molecules can act as respiratory substrates
Breakdown products of lipids and amino acids
How do lipids and amino acids enter the respiration pathway
They enter the Krebs cycle
How is ATP produced? (11)
- ATP produced in glycolysis;
- Involving the oxidation of glucose/TP to pyruvate;
- ATP production/ Substrate level phosphorylation directly from Krebs cycle;
- Glycolysis/Krebs cycle produce reduced NAD/FAD;
- Reduced NAD/FAD transfer electrons to electron transport chain;
- Electrons transferred down a chain of carriers;
- (Carriers) at decreasing energy levels;
- Energy (lost by electrons) used to produce ATP;
- From ADP and (inorganic) phosphate;
- Protons move into intermembrane space;
- ATP synthase;
Describe chemiosmosis. (4)
- Electrons transferred down electron transfer chain;
- Provide energy to transport protons into space between membranes;
- Protons diffuse/pass back, through membrane/into matrix/through ATP synthase;
- Energy (from H+ movement) used to combine ADP and phosphate to form ATP
Why is there less ATP produced in anaerobic
respiration? (4)
- ATP formed as electrons pass along transport chain;
- Oxygen is terminal electron acceptor
- Forms H2O;
- Electrons cannot be passed along electron transport chain if no O2 to accept them;
Describe anaerobic respiration in
animals. (5)
- Forms lactate;
- Use of NADH;
- Regenerates NAD;
- NAD allows glycolysis to continue;
- Can still release energy from ATP when no oxygen;