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biology > 3.2.1.1 Structure of eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

3.2.1.1 Structure of eukaryotic cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the cell-surface membrane?

A

Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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2
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

A

Contains chromosomes made of protein-bound, linear DNA and one or more nucleoli.

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3
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Stores the genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell’s activities by regulating transcription.

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4
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria?

A

Have a double membrane; the inner membrane is folded into cristae, and the matrix contains enzymes for respiration.

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5
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production.

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6
Q

What is the structure of chloroplasts (in plants and algae)?

A

Have a double membrane and contain thylakoids stacked into grana, surrounded by stroma containing enzymes.

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7
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis; the light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoids and the light-independent reactions occur in the stroma.

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8
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

A

A stack of fluid-filled, membrane-bound sacs with vesicles at the edges.

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9
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

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10
Q

What is the function of Golgi vesicles?

A

Transport proteins and lipids from the Golgi apparatus to their destination.

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11
Q

What is the structure of lysosomes?

A

Membrane-bound organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes.

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12
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Break down waste materials, old organelles, and pathogens.

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13
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

Small organelles made of protein and RNA; not membrane-bound.

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14
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis.

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15
Q

What is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

A

A system of membranes with ribosomes attached to its surface.

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16
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

A

Synthesises and transports proteins.

17
Q

What is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

A

A system of membranes without ribosomes.

18
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

A

Synthesises and processes lipids.

19
Q

What is the structure of the cell wall in plants, algae, and fungi?

A

A rigid structure made of cellulose (plants and algae) or chitin (fungi).

20
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Provides structural support and prevents the cell from bursting under osmotic pressure.

21
Q

What is the structure of the cell vacuole in plants?

A

A membrane-bound organelle (tonoplast) containing cell sap, a weak solution of sugars, salts, and other substances.

22
Q

What is the function of the cell vacuole?

A

Maintains cell turgidity and stores nutrients and waste products.

23
Q

How are eukaryotic cells specialised in multicellular organisms?

A

They differentiate to perform specific functions by expressing different genes.

24
Q

How are specialised cells organised in multicellular organisms?

A

Specialised cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form systems.

25
Q

Eukaryotic (eg human) cells compared with Prokaryotic (bacterium) (7)

A
  1. Bacterial cell is much smaller than a human cell; (or human cell is much larger than a bacterial cell)
  2. Bacterial cell has a cell wall but human cell does not;
  3. Bacterial cell lacks a nucleus but human cell has a nucleus;
  4. Bacterial cell lacks membrane-bound organelles but human cell has membrane-bound organelles;
  5. Bacterial ribosomes smaller than human ribosomes / bacteria have 70S ribosomes whereas humans have 80S
  6. Bacterial DNA is circular but human DNA is linear
  7. Bacterial DNA is ‘naked’ whereas human DNA is bound to histones/proteins
26
Q

Eukaryotic - Describe the structure and function of the nucleus.(4)

A

Any four from Structure Nuclear

envelope/double membrane (Nuclear)

pores (in the membrane)

Chromosomes/chromatin/(linear) DNA with histones

Nucleolus/nucleoli Function

Holds/stores genetic information for production of proteins

DNA replication OR interphase

Production of mRNA/tRNA OR transcription

Production of rRNA/ribosomes;;;;

27
Q

Eukaryotic - Name the main polymer that forms the following cell walls – plants cells & fungal cells (1)

A

Cellulose (plant) and chitin (fungi);

28
Q

Eukaryotic - Describe the role
of one named organelle in digesting
these bacteria. (3)

A
  1. Lysosomes;
  2. Fuse with vesicle; Accept phagosome for vesicle
  3. (Releases) hydrolytic enzymes;
29
Q

Eukaryotic - Identify two organelles in cells that enable the production of
glycoproteins (1)

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum/ribosomes and Golgi (apparatus/vesicles);

30
Q

Eukaryotic - Give two structures found in all prokaryotic cells and in all eukaryotic cells. (2)

A
  1. Cell(-surface) membrane;
  2. Ribosomes; Ignore 70S
  3. Cytoplasm;
  4. DNA;
31
Q

Eukaryotic – Give one feature of the
chloroplast that allows protein to be
synthesised inside the chloroplast and describe one difference between this feature in the chloroplast and a eukaryotic cell. (2)

A

Mark in pairs,

1 and 2 OR 3 and 4

  1. DNA;
  2. Is not associated with protein/histones but nuclear DNA is.
    OR
    Is circular but nuclear DNA is linear OR
    Is shorter than nuclear DNA;
  3. Ribosomes;
  4. Are smaller than cytoplasmic ribosomes;
32
Q

Eukaryotic - Eukaryotic cells produce
and release proteins.
Outline the role of organelles in the
production, transport and release of
proteins from eukaryotic cells.(4)

A
  1. DNA in nucleus is code (for protein);
  2. Ribosomes/rough endoplasmic reticulum produce (protein); Accept rER for ‘rough endoplasmic reticulum’
  3. Mitochondria produce ATP (for protein synthesis);
  4. Golgi apparatus package/modify; OR
    Carbohydrate added/glycoprotein produced by Golgi apparatus;
    Accept body for ‘apparatus’
  5. Vesicles transport OR Rough endoplasmic reticulum transports;
  6. (Vesicles) fuse with cell(-surface) membrane;
33
Q

Eukaryotic – state three differences
between DNA in the nucleus of a plant
cell and DNA in a prokaryotic cell.(3)

A

Plant v prokaryote

  1. (Associated with) histones/proteins v no histones/proteins;
  2. Linear v circular;
  3. No plasmids v plasmids; Do not credit if suggestion that prokaryotic DNA only exists as plasmids.
  4. Introns v no introns;
  5. Long(er) v short(er);
34
Q

Eukaryotic – Name the main biological molecule in the cell membrane (1)

A

Phospholipids;

35
Q

Eukaryotic – Describe the role of
mitochondria in secreting a protein (1)

A

(Many mitochondria) release energy / ATP for movement of vesicles / synthesis of protein / active transport;

36
Q

Eukaryotic – Describe the role of golgi apparatus in secreting a protein (1)

A

(Many Golgi) vesicles transport protein / glycoprotein / milk to cell membrane / out of cell;

37
Q

Eukaryotic – Describe the role of the
golgi apparatus in lipid absorption

A
  1. Modifies / processes triglycerides;
  2. Combines triglycerides with proteins;
  3. Packaged for release / exocytosis OR
    Forms vesicles;

biology (28 decks)

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