3.2.1.1 Structure of eukaryotic cells Flashcards
What is the function of the cell-surface membrane?
Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
What is the structure of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
Contains chromosomes made of protein-bound, linear DNA and one or more nucleoli.
What is the function of the nucleus?
Stores the genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell’s activities by regulating transcription.
What is the structure of mitochondria?
Have a double membrane; the inner membrane is folded into cristae, and the matrix contains enzymes for respiration.
What is the function of mitochondria?
Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production.
What is the structure of chloroplasts (in plants and algae)?
Have a double membrane and contain thylakoids stacked into grana, surrounded by stroma containing enzymes.
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Site of photosynthesis; the light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoids and the light-independent reactions occur in the stroma.
What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?
A stack of fluid-filled, membrane-bound sacs with vesicles at the edges.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
What is the function of Golgi vesicles?
Transport proteins and lipids from the Golgi apparatus to their destination.
What is the structure of lysosomes?
Membrane-bound organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes.
What is the function of lysosomes?
Break down waste materials, old organelles, and pathogens.
What is the structure of ribosomes?
Small organelles made of protein and RNA; not membrane-bound.
What is the function of ribosomes?
Site of protein synthesis.
What is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
A system of membranes with ribosomes attached to its surface.
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
Synthesises and transports proteins.
What is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
A system of membranes without ribosomes.
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
Synthesises and processes lipids.
What is the structure of the cell wall in plants, algae, and fungi?
A rigid structure made of cellulose (plants and algae) or chitin (fungi).
What is the function of the cell wall?
Provides structural support and prevents the cell from bursting under osmotic pressure.
What is the structure of the cell vacuole in plants?
A membrane-bound organelle (tonoplast) containing cell sap, a weak solution of sugars, salts, and other substances.
What is the function of the cell vacuole?
Maintains cell turgidity and stores nutrients and waste products.
How are eukaryotic cells specialised in multicellular organisms?
They differentiate to perform specific functions by expressing different genes.
How are specialised cells organised in multicellular organisms?
Specialised cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form systems.
Eukaryotic (eg human) cells compared with Prokaryotic (bacterium) (7)
- Bacterial cell is much smaller than a human cell; (or human cell is much larger than a bacterial cell)
- Bacterial cell has a cell wall but human cell does not;
- Bacterial cell lacks a nucleus but human cell has a nucleus;
- Bacterial cell lacks membrane-bound organelles but human cell has membrane-bound organelles;
- Bacterial ribosomes smaller than human ribosomes / bacteria have 70S ribosomes whereas humans have 80S
- Bacterial DNA is circular but human DNA is linear
- Bacterial DNA is ‘naked’ whereas human DNA is bound to histones/proteins
Eukaryotic - Describe the structure and function of the nucleus.(4)
Any four from Structure Nuclear
envelope/double membrane (Nuclear)
pores (in the membrane)
Chromosomes/chromatin/(linear) DNA with histones
Nucleolus/nucleoli Function
Holds/stores genetic information for production of proteins
DNA replication OR interphase
Production of mRNA/tRNA OR transcription
Production of rRNA/ribosomes;;;;
Eukaryotic - Name the main polymer that forms the following cell walls – plants cells & fungal cells (1)
Cellulose (plant) and chitin (fungi);
Eukaryotic - Describe the role
of one named organelle in digesting
these bacteria. (3)
- Lysosomes;
- Fuse with vesicle; Accept phagosome for vesicle
- (Releases) hydrolytic enzymes;
Eukaryotic - Identify two organelles in cells that enable the production of
glycoproteins (1)
Rough endoplasmic reticulum/ribosomes and Golgi (apparatus/vesicles);
Eukaryotic - Give two structures found in all prokaryotic cells and in all eukaryotic cells. (2)
- Cell(-surface) membrane;
- Ribosomes; Ignore 70S
- Cytoplasm;
- DNA;
Eukaryotic – Give one feature of the
chloroplast that allows protein to be
synthesised inside the chloroplast and describe one difference between this feature in the chloroplast and a eukaryotic cell. (2)
Mark in pairs,
1 and 2 OR 3 and 4
- DNA;
- Is not associated with protein/histones but nuclear DNA is.
OR
Is circular but nuclear DNA is linear OR
Is shorter than nuclear DNA; - Ribosomes;
- Are smaller than cytoplasmic ribosomes;
Eukaryotic - Eukaryotic cells produce
and release proteins.
Outline the role of organelles in the
production, transport and release of
proteins from eukaryotic cells.(4)
- DNA in nucleus is code (for protein);
- Ribosomes/rough endoplasmic reticulum produce (protein); Accept rER for ‘rough endoplasmic reticulum’
- Mitochondria produce ATP (for protein synthesis);
- Golgi apparatus package/modify; OR
Carbohydrate added/glycoprotein produced by Golgi apparatus;
Accept body for ‘apparatus’ - Vesicles transport OR Rough endoplasmic reticulum transports;
- (Vesicles) fuse with cell(-surface) membrane;
Eukaryotic – state three differences
between DNA in the nucleus of a plant
cell and DNA in a prokaryotic cell.(3)
Plant v prokaryote
- (Associated with) histones/proteins v no histones/proteins;
- Linear v circular;
- No plasmids v plasmids; Do not credit if suggestion that prokaryotic DNA only exists as plasmids.
- Introns v no introns;
- Long(er) v short(er);
Eukaryotic – Name the main biological molecule in the cell membrane (1)
Phospholipids;
Eukaryotic – Describe the role of
mitochondria in secreting a protein (1)
(Many mitochondria) release energy / ATP for movement of vesicles / synthesis of protein / active transport;
Eukaryotic – Describe the role of golgi apparatus in secreting a protein (1)
(Many Golgi) vesicles transport protein / glycoprotein / milk to cell membrane / out of cell;
Eukaryotic – Describe the role of the
golgi apparatus in lipid absorption
- Modifies / processes triglycerides;
- Combines triglycerides with proteins;
- Packaged for release / exocytosis OR
Forms vesicles;
