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Bio Paper 1 -Biological molecules and Cells- > 3.4 Eukaryotic cell structure > Flashcards

3.4 Eukaryotic cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells

A
  • Cytoplasm containing membrane bound organelles
  • DNA is enclosed in a nucleus
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2
Q

Name the organelles that are in both animal and plant cells(7)

A

Cell surface membrane
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus

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3
Q

What are the organelles specific to plant cells (3)

A

Chloroplasts-in plants and algae
Cell wall-in plants algae and fungi
Cell vacuole- only in plants

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4
Q

Describe the structure of the cell surface membrane (3)

A
  • Hydrophilic phosphate heads-points to/ are attracted to water
  • Hydrophobic fatty acid tails-point away/repelled from water
  • Forms a phospholipid bilayer
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5
Q

Describe the function of the cell surface membrane

A

Selectively permeable-enables control of passage of substances in/out of cell
Receptors on surface which allows cell recognition/signalling

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6
Q

Describe the structure of nucleus (5)

A
  • Has a nuclear envelope which is a double membrane
  • Nuclear pores
  • Nucleoplasm-Granular jelly like material
  • Nucleolus-Smaller sphere inside which is the site of rRNA production and makes ribosomes
  • Chromosomes- protein bound linear dna
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7
Q

What is a double membrane

A
  • Controls what goes in and out of the nucelus and reactions take place in here
  • The double membrane also surrounds the nucleus
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8
Q

Function of Nuclear pores

A

Allows the passage of large molecules such as mRNA out of the nucleus they are 40-100nm in diameter

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9
Q

What is the nuceloplasm

A

Jelly like material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus

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10
Q

Describe the function of the nucleus (4)

A

Holds/stores the genetic information which codes for polypeptides(proteins)
Site of DNA replication
Site of transcription(part of protein synthesis),producing mRNA
Nucleolus makes ribosomes/rRna

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11
Q

Describe the structure of RER

A

Has lots of ribosomes-RER
Made of a system of membranes called cisternae

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12
Q

Describe the function of RER (3)

A
  • Ribosomes are on the surface synthesising proteins
  • Proteins processed/folded/transported inside RER
  • Proteins packaged into Vesicles for transport e.g. to golgi appartus
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13
Q

Describe the structure of the SER

A

Lacks ribosomes on its surface and is more tubular in appearance
Made up of cisternae

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14
Q

Describe the function of the SER

A
  • Synthesises and processes lipids e.g. cholesterol and steroid hormones
  • Synthesises lipids stores and transports lipids and carbhohydrates
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15
Q

Describe the strcuture of a ribosome

A
  • Made of ribosomal RNA
  • Protein not a membrane bound organelle
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16
Q

describe the function of a ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis(translation)

17
Q

What is the difference between 80s and 70s ribosomes

A

80s-Found in euk is arouond 25nm in diameter
70s-Found in prok smaller than 80s

18
Q

Describe the structure of golgi apparatus and golgi vesicles

A

Golgi A is flattened membrane sacs
Golgi V are small membrane sacs

19
Q

Describe the fucntion of golgi A (4)

A
  • Modifies proteins e.g. adds carbohydrates to produce glycoproteins
  • Modifies lipids e.g. adds carbohydrates to glycolipids
  • Packages proteins/lipids into the vesicles
  • Produces lysosomes (a type of golgi Vesicle
    transports modifies and stores lipids
20
Q

What is the function of Golgi V

A

Transports proteins/lipids to desired location e.g. moves to and fuses with cell surface membrane

21
Q

Describe the structure of lysosomes

A

Has a cell surface membrane and hydrolytci enzymes

22
Q

Describe the function of lysosomes

A
  • To release hydrolytic enzymes(lysozymes)
  • To break down/hydrolye pathogens or worn out components
23
Q

Describe the strcucture of mitochondria (3)

A
  • Has a double membrane- controls the entry and exit of matierals
  • Cristae-extensions of the inner membrane-provides a large surface area for the attatchment of enzymes
  • Matrix contains 70s ribosomes proteins and lipids and DNA
24
Q

Describe the function of mitochondria

A

Site of areobic respiration
To produce ATP for energy release e.g. for protein synthesis/vesicle movement/active transport

25
Q

Describe the structure of chloroplasts in plants and algae (6)

A
  • Has a double membrane
  • Has a stroma which contains thylakoid membrane
  • Has 70s ribosomes
  • Circular DNA
  • Lamella-thlyakoid linking grana
  • Grana-stacks of up to 100 disc like structures called thylakoids- inside the thylakoid is the pigment chlorphyll

grana is also where the first stage of phptosyntehsis takes place

26
Q

Describe the function of chloroplasts in plants and algae

A

Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
To produce organic substances e.g. carbohydrates/lipids

27
Q

How are chloroplasts adapted to thier function (3)

A
  • The granal membrane provides a large surface area for the attatchment of chlorophyll
  • The fluid of the stroma possess all the enzymes needed to make sugars
  • Chloroplasts contain DNA and 70s ribosomes so they can quickly manufacture the proteins needed for photosynthesis
28
Q

Describe the structure of the cell wall in plants algae and fungi

A

Composed mainly of cellulose (a polysaccharide in plants/algae
Composed of chitin ( a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide in fungi

29
Q

Describe the function of the cell wall in plants algae and fungi

A

Provides mechanical strength to cell so it prevents cell changing shape or bursting under pressure due to osmosis

30
Q

Describe the structure of the vacuole in plants

A

Has a tonoplast membrane and contains cell sap

WHen talking about the cell sap talk about the contents in the cell sap

31
Q

What is in cell sap (3)

A

-sugars, amino acids, waste substances-

32
Q

Describe the function of the vacuole in plants

A
  • Maintains turgor pressure in cell (stopping plant wilting)
  • contains cell sap which stores sugars, amino acids pigments and any waste chemicals
33
Q

Describe how eukaryotic cells are organised in complex multicellualr organisms

A

Tissue-Group of specialised cells with a similar structure working together to perform a specific function
Organ-aggregations of tissues performing specifc functions
Organ system-Group of organs working together to perform specific functions

Bio Paper 1 -Biological molecules and Cells- (24 decks)

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