3.3 Mary I's Government and Foreign Policy Flashcards
Why did Mary not fully trust her ministers?
William Paget had opposed her religious reformations.
Stephen Gardiner failed to help her mother, Catherine of Aragon during the Break from Rome.
A lot of Mary’s loyal ministers lacked experience in government and so Mary could not rely on them.
Who was Stephen Gardiner?
He was a conservative released from the tower at the start of Mary’s reign.
He was appointed lord chancellor and the Queens “first minister”.
He was reluctant to approve the persecution of the protestants, believing Mary was overdoing it with executions.
Mary I had little faith in Gardiner (Break with Rome).
He died in November 1555.
Who was William Paget?
Protestant.
Paget persuaded the Privy Council to proclaim Mary as queen during Northumberland’s coup.
Mary appointed Paget to the Privy Council and he was restored back to the Order of the Garter (knighthood award).
He helped negotiate a marriage Mary I and Phillip II in 1553.
He helped put down the Wyatt Rebellion in 1554 but angered Mary by not supporting Gardiner’s Catholic reformations.
He was appointed to Lord Privy Seal in 1556. (Just below Lord Chancellor)
Who was William Paulet?
Inconsistently Catholic.
He had reported oppose Northumberland’s coup.
He was Lord Treasurer and was occupied with the financial administration of the Navy.
Who was William Petre?
He was Secretary of State during Mary’s reign.
He drew up and signed a memorial for Edward VI.
He was assigned to question Elizabeth in the tower during Wyatt’s Rebellion.
He advised Mary to forbid the Pope’s replacement for Cardinal Pole landing in England.
Who was Simon Renard?
He was Charles V’s ambassador for England
Renard had a huge influence over Mary, who didn’t trust any of her English Councillors.
He convinced Mary to stay in London during the Wyatt Rebellion, arguing that if she were to lose the capital she would essentially lose the crown.
He successfully negotiated the marriage between Mary and Philip II.
Had no responsibility in the burning of Protestants and opposed the burnings in his letters, fearing they might spark rebellions
Renards influence declined after the marriage, as Philip distrusted him.
Renard still urged Mary to make her heir Elizabeth, which he admitted was better than Mary Queen of Scots, due to her French interests.
He was recalled from England in 1555.
What was the Spanish Marriage 1554?
Mary married Philip II of Spain which provided an alliance between Spain and England.
This was greatly needed due to the rising threat of France.
What were the consequences of the Spanish marriage?
- The marriage provoked a xenophobic response from the population, fearing Spain’s influence over England
- If Spain went to war, the unprepared England would be dragged into war too
Why was the election of Pope Paul IV bad for Mary?
Paul IV was incredibly anti-Spanish due to territorial with Spain and the Habsburg Empire.
As Mary was married to Philip this worsened anglo-papacy relations.
Pope Paul IV convinced France to go to war against Spain which dragged England into a war they were not prepared for.
What was the Loss of Calais 1558?
Why was this disaterous?
Influenza outbreaks meant that England were short on troops to defend Calais.
This made them defenceless against a French assault on Calais.
This meant that England had lost its only mainland territory, which was a huge economic and geographic blow.
What caused the Wyatt Rebellion of 1554?
The rebels resented the marriage between Philip and Mary as there were fears Spain would seize control of England.
The decline in the cloth market had worsened grievances.
Leaders wanted Mary to be replaced with Lady Jane Grey or maybe Elizabeth.
What were the events of the Wyatt Rebellion 1554?
25th Jan: Rebellion starts in Maidstone
28th Jan: The Duke of Norfolk fails to quell rebels and retreats
3rd Feb: The rebels fail to cross into London as the Crown’s forces hold London bridge
6th Feb: Rebels eventually cross the river at Kingstone
7th Feb: Wyatt surrenders at Ludgate, within half a mile away from the Queen’s palace.
What were the consequences of Wyatt’s Rebellion 1554?
Lady Jane Grey was executed due to her father’s support of the Rebellion.
Elizabeth was arrested and confined to the tower. She was not executed due to the lack of evidence for her involvement.
Paget also wanted Elizabeth alive, just incase Mary died heirless.
