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Nsci > 33-Limbic > Flashcards

33-Limbic Flashcards

1
Q

limbic system involved in (x5)

A
  • emotions
  • memory
  • sexual arousal
  • stress
  • odor processing
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2
Q

limbic system difficult to study because (x2)

A
  • structures are interconnected
  • difficult to quantify responses/outcomes
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3
Q

hippocampus connects via _____ to _____ and _____

A

via fornix

to septal nuclei
and mamillary bodies

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4
Q

mammillary bodies connect via ___ to ___

A

via mammillothalamic tract (MTT)

to anterior thalamic nuclei

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5
Q

amygdala connects via ___ to ___ and ___

A

via stria terminalis (ST)

to septal nuclei
and hypothalamus

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6
Q

ant thalamic nuclei connects via ___ to ___

A

via internal capsule (IC)

to cingulate gyrus

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7
Q

cingulate connects via ___ to ___

A

via cingulum

to hippocampus

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8
Q

hypothalamus connects via ___ to ___

A

via dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF)

to brainstem/spinal cord

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9
Q

septal nuclei connect
(1) via ___ to ___
and
(2) via ___ to ___

A

(1) via medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
to hypothalamus

and
(2) via stria medullaris
to habenula

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10
Q

Source of norepinephrine innervation on limbic system

A

locus coeruleus (LC)

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11
Q

Source of serotonin (5-HT) innervation on limbic system

A

raphe nuclei (Ra)

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12
Q

Source of dopamine (DA) innervation on limbic system

A

mesolimbic system

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13
Q

Source of acetylcholine (ACh) innervation on limbic system (x2)

A

septal nuclei, and
nucleus basalis of Meynert

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14
Q

Norepinephrine and serotonin modulate (x4)

A
  • mood
  • cognition
  • sleep/wake cycles
  • arousal
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15
Q

Mesolimbic dopamine system consists of (x3)

A
  • ventra tegmental area (VTA)
  • nucleus accumbens (NAc)
  • associated limbic structures (prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus)
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16
Q

Pathway involved in addiction

A

mesolimbic dopamine pathway

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17
Q

Mesolimbic cholinergic pathway involved in (x2)

A
  • reward/reinforcement
  • associative learning
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18
Q

VTA

A

ventral tegmental area

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19
Q

Lesions to the VTA and/or NAc lead to

A

-> blockade of DA receptors -> decreased addictive behaviour

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20
Q

drug addiction:
cocaine mechanism

A

blocks DA reuptake -> incr. DA

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21
Q

drug addiction:
amphetamine mechanism

A

release of DA and blockage of DA reuptake -> incr. DA

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22
Q

drug addiction:
heroin/nicotine mechanism

A

VTA or NAc

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23
Q

Natural rewards (sex, food) require

A

intact mesolimbic pathway

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24
Q

amygdala involved in

A

emotional memories

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25
Q

lesions of amygdala impair

A

consolidation of fear memories

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26
Q

during emotional memories, amygdala modulates activity of ___

A

medial temporal lobe

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27
Q

amygdala response to fear

A

increased (unilateral) activity

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28
Q

phenotypes of bilateral amygdala calcification in Urbach-Wiethe disease (x2)

A
  • impairment in neg/pos emotional processing
  • memory loss specific to information with emotional context
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29
Q

medial prefrontal cortex connected to limbic regions ___ and ___

A
  • hippocampus
    and
  • amygdala
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30
Q

injury to prefrontal cortex leads to (x2)

A
  • impairment in goal directed behavior
  • altered moral reasoning and social behavior
31
Q

PFC [facilitates or inhibits] emotional responses

A

inhibits emotional responses

32
Q

Amygdala [excites or inhibits] ___ in sexual arousal

A

excites hypothalamus

33
Q

Main symptoms of PTSD (x3)

A
  • re-experiencing phenomena
  • avoidance
  • hyperarousal
34
Q

Mechanism of PTSD

A

suppression/loss of inhibition from prefrontal cortex to amygdala

35
Q

Region associated with schematic memory

36
Q

Region associated with episodic memory

A

hippocampus

37
Q

Hippocampus involved in (x2)

A
  • memory consolidation
  • spatial navigation
38
Q

declarative memory

A

semantics (facts) and episodic (experiences, events)

39
Q

non-declarative memory

A

procedural, associative (operant cond.), and non-associative (habituation)

40
Q

Bilateral lesion of hippocampi

A
  • severe anterograde amnesia
  • partial retrograde amnesia (2-3 years prior to surgery)
41
Q

disorders involving limbic system (x5)

A
  • schizophrenia
  • depression
  • Korsakoff’s syndrome
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • chronic traumatic encephalopathy
42
Q

Schizophrenia:
fragmentation of thought processes associated with

A

PFC, esp
- working memory impairment
- executive function deficits

43
Q

Schizophrenia:
poor emotional responsiveness associated with

A

amygdala:
- apathy
- social withdrawal

44
Q

Schizophrenia:
Neuroanatomic changes (x2)

A
  • enlargement of LV
  • cortical thinning
45
Q

Schizophrenia:
hyperdopaminergy hypothesis

A

Original antipsychotic efficacy correlated with dopamine binding affinity

46
Q

Schizophrenia:
hypoglutamatergy hypothesis

A

phencyclidine (PCP) is NMDAR antagonist ->
NMDAR hypofunction in schizophrenia

47
Q

MDD

A

major depressive disorder

48
Q

MDD characterized by (x3)

A
  • low or depressed mood
  • fatigue or low energy
  • anhedonia
49
Q

anhedonia

A

loss of interest or enjoyment in normally rewarding activities

50
Q

MDD:
low or depressed mood associated with

A

anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

51
Q

MDD:
anhedonia associated with (x2)

A
  • nucleus accumbens
  • septal nuclei
52
Q

MDD:
Lifetime prevalence in US

A

16 percent

53
Q

MDD:
More prevalent in [men or women or equal]

A

women (17-20% vs 13% in men)

54
Q

MDD:
Neuroanatomic changes

A

None identified yet for diagonsis,
Maybe anterior cingulate gyrus and specifically subgenual cingulate (BA25) involved

55
Q

MDD:
monoamine hypothesis

A

posits that MDD is caused by decreased monoamine function

56
Q

MDD:
limitations of monoamine hypothesis

A

Antidepressants work on much longer timescale

57
Q

MDD:
treatments (x4)

A
  • antidepressant drugs
  • cognitive-behavorial therapy
  • electroconvulsize therapy
  • DBS
58
Q

MDD: antidepressant mechanism (x2)

A
  • inhibit neuronal reuptake of monoamines
  • inhibit degradition of monoamines
59
Q

MAO

A

monoamine oxidase enzyme

60
Q

MDD: examples of monoamine reuptake inhibitors (x4)

A
  • tricyclic drugs (imipramine)
  • SSRIs (fluoxetine/Prozac)
  • NRIs
  • SNRIs
61
Q

MDD: sites of action of DBS and changes

A
  • Cingulate cortex (incr. activity)
  • Amygdala (incr. activity)
  • Hippocampus (decr. structure)
  • Prefrontal cortex (decr. structure)
  • Nucleus accumenbens (structural change)
  • Hypothalum (structural change)
  • VTA (structural change)
62
Q

AD: symptoms (x7)

A
  • memory loss that disrupts daily life
  • challenges in planning or solving problems
  • confusion with time or place
  • troube with visual and spatial
  • new problems with word finding and speaking
  • decreased or poor judgement
  • changes in mood or personality
63
Q

AD: memory loss associated with

A

hippocampus

64
Q

AD: challenges in planning or solving problems associated with

65
Q

AD: confusion with time/place associated with

A

hippocampus

66
Q

AD: problems word finding / speaking associated with

A

paretial cortex

67
Q

AD: decreased/poor judgement associated with

68
Q

AD: change in mood/personality associated with

A

amygdala, cingulate cortex

69
Q

CTE

A

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

70
Q

CTE: probable cause

A

mild traumatic brain injuries (TBI) or concussions

71
Q

CTE: severity correlated with

A

duration of athletic career

72
Q

concussion

A

complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biomedical forces’

73
Q

CTE: histological changes (x2)

A
  • deposition of hyperphosphorylated tau protein as neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), starting perivascularly and at depths of cortical sulci
  • later more widespread tau pathology, particularly in medial temporal lobes, white matter. leads to prominent neuronal loss and gliosis

Nsci (18 decks)

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