20,21-Motor1,2 Flashcards

1
Q

Voluntary motor control requires at least 3 operations:

A
  1. Select action (decision)
  2. Compute desired trajectory (sensorimotor coordinate transformation)
  3. Compute muscle forces/joint torques requires to achieve desired trajectory
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2
Q

Dynamics

A

muscle forces

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3
Q

Kinematics

A

desired trajectory

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4
Q

Sensorimotor transformation

A

convert spatial information from sensory to motor coordinates

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5
Q

Motor planning

A

compute desired trajectory (kinematics)

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6
Q

Inverse dynamics problem

A

given desired trajectory, compute muscle forces and joint torques (dynamics) necessary to achieve trajectory

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7
Q
A

true

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8
Q

Bell-shaped velocity profile is controlled by

A

central pattern generators, not brain

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9
Q

CPGs

A

central pattern generators

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10
Q

Component of the motor system that acts as a ‘trainable gate’

A

basal ganglia

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11
Q

Component of the motor system that supplies voluntary motor commands

A

cerebral cortex (primary motor, premotor, supplementary motor)

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12
Q

M1 neurons principally use [kinematic/dynamic] encodings

A

kinematic, but not purely

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13
Q

Corticospinal neurons terminate / originate in the brain at (x5)

A
  • motor
  • premotor
  • cingulate
  • supplementary motor
  • somatosensory
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14
Q

Corticospinal neurons originate / terminate in the spinal cord at (x2)

A
  • ventral horn (motor cortical areas)
  • dorsal horn (somatosensory areas)
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15
Q

Each muscle fiber is innervated by ___ motor neuron(s)

A

one

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16
Q

Each motor neuron innervates ___ muscle fiber(s)

A

10-1000

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17
Q

Motor unit

A

muscle fibers innervated by one motor neuron

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18
Q

GTO

A

golgi tendon organ

19
Q

GTOs sense ___

A

muscle force / tension

20
Q

GTOs are connected to what fiber type

A

Ib

21
Q

Muscle spindles sense ___

A

muscle length

22
Q

Muscle spindles send afferent information via ___ fibers

A

Ia

23
Q

Muscle spindles are stimulated by ___

A

gamma motor neurons

24
Q

Types of gamma motor neurons and muscle spindle (x2)

A
  • dynamic
  • static
25
Q

During voluntary muscle shortening, Ia activity [incr/decr]

A

increases (presumably because of prior increase in gamma activity for new set point?)

26
Q

Locomotor CPG is located in ___

A

spinal cord

27
Q

MLR

A

mesencephalic locomotor region (in pons)

28
Q

Stimulation of MLR triggers ___, with ___ controlled by stimulation intensity

A

stepping, pace

29
Q

[True/false] Same CPG can produce different motor programs depending on strength of input

A

true

30
Q

Large amplitude movements have [more/less] noise

A

more

31
Q

Average sensory latency

A

100 ms

32
Q

Obstacles to effective motor control (x6)

A
  • redundancy
  • noise
  • delays
  • uncertainty
  • non-stationarity
  • nonlinearity
33
Q
A

false

34
Q

kinematics

A

position / velocity / acceleration

35
Q

kinetics

A

forces and derivatives

36
Q

inverse model is for ___, while forward model is for ___

A

control, prediction

37
Q
A

true

38
Q
A

false

39
Q
A

false (soft evidence only)

40
Q
A

true

41
Q

2/3 power law relates ___ to ___

A

path curvature, angular velocity

42
Q

Motor equivalence

A

suggests that movoments are represented abstractly in the brain

43
Q

internal model

A

relates information about muscle lengths and joint angles to the position of the hand in space (eg)

44
Q
A

true