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Human Geography: CUE > 3.2.3.6 - Waste Disposal (Semakau + Amager Bakke) > Flashcards

3.2.3.6 - Waste Disposal (Semakau + Amager Bakke) Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is Semakau Landfill?

A

Singapore

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2
Q

What is the population of Singapore?

A

5.6 million

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3
Q

Why are such large amounts of waste produced in Singapore?

A

Due to the urban nature of the entire city

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4
Q

How has waste output increased in Singapore?

A

From approx 1300 tonnes/ day 1970
8500 tonnes/ day in 2016
6X INCREASE

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5
Q

How much of its waste does Singapore recycle?

A

More than half

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6
Q

What waste disposal method has SIngapore adopted?

A

Waste-to-energy as ut incinerates rubbish to generate electricity

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7
Q

How much does incineration reduce the volume of waste by?

A

90%

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8
Q

Where is the 10% of non-combustile waste and ash sent?

A

To the Semakau Landfill

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9
Q

Why is Semakau unique?

A

It is Singapore’s only landfill

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10
Q

How are environmental impacts reduced at the incineration plants?

A

They are fitted with electrostatic precipitators, lime injectors, and fabric filters to treat and clean flue gas from the combustion process

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11
Q

What is heat from incineration used for?

A

Generating steam in boilers, which drive turbines and produce electricity

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12
Q

How much electricity was generated by incineration plants in 2005?

A

938,000 MWh

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13
Q

What area does the Semakau landfill cover?

A

350 hectares

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14
Q

What capacity does the Semakau landfill have?

A

63 million m3

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15
Q

How was the Semakau landfill created?

A

The island was dug out with a 7km perimetre embankment

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16
Q

What was the Semakau embankment lined with?

A

An impermeable mebrane to prevent lechate entering the sea

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17
Q

What happens to leachate generated at the Semakau plant?

A

It is treated in a dedicated leachate treatment plant to national discharge standards, and the effluent is discharged into the sea

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18
Q

What happened in July 2005?

A

The landfill was opened for recreational activities and now receives thousands of visitors

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19
Q

What was planted around Semakau island?

A

13.6 hectares of mangroves to replace those uprooted during the constrcution of the landfill

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20
Q

What is located around the perimeter bund of Semakau island?

A

A network of monitoring wells to indicate pollution should there be a leak in the impermeable membrane

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21
Q

How do the mangroves aid Semakau island?

A

They act as secondary indicators of pollution should there be a leak

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22
Q

What happens when the Semakau landfill cell is filled to ground level?

A

It is covered with earth and grass to allow a new ecosystem to thrive

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23
Q

What is Amager Bakke?

A

A combined heat and power (CHP) complex built on the outskirts of Copenhagen, one of the largest waste-to-energy plants in northern Europe.

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24
Q

As well as being a CHP what does Amager Bakke also serve as?

A

The complex also serves a recreational and an environmental education centre

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25
Q

Where does the Amager Bakke waste-to-energy plant get its waste to burn?

A

The plant burns waste collected from 700,000 inhabitants and 46,000 companies

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26
Q

What is Amager Bakke’s capacity?

A

It has the capacity to treat 400,000t of waste annually to produce electricity and heat for 150,000 homes in Copenhagen

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27
Q

What is on Amager Bakke plant roof?

A

A dry ski slope built with an investment of $12.2m - opened October 2019

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28
Q

What was the construction period for Amager Bakke?

A

The project started in March 2013, and was completed in 2017

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29
Q

How much did Amager Bakke cost to build?

A

$611 million

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30
Q

Who developed the Amager Bakke waste-to-energy plant?

A

Amager Resource centre (A Copenhagen-based waste management company)

31
Q

How many trucks of rubbish does Amager Bakke receive a day?

A

350 trucks

32
Q

What does Amager Bakke release?

A

ONLY STEAM

33
Q

With the current rate, how much waste will the Uk produce?

A

45 million tonnes of waste anually

34
Q

what is unregulated waste disposal?

A

Not controlled or supervised by regulation of law. Can be burning or dumping of rubbish. Most commonly occurs as fly-tipping in HIC’s and is common in LIC’s as little organised refuse collection

35
Q

What is recycling?

A

Process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects

36
Q

What is waste recovery?

A

Using waste as an input material to create valuable products

37
Q

WHat is waste incineration?

A

Using high-temperature burning to get rid of waste

38
Q

What is landfill/ burial waste disposal?

A

Pits are filled with waste. When they are full they are covered with soil to decompose

39
Q

What is submergence waste disposal?

A

Dumping waste in the sea - illegal according to international convention and contravenes UN law

40
Q

what are the advantages of unregulated waste disposal?

A
  • Cheap for the disposer
  • Gets the waste away from more affluent areas to maintain their attractiveness
41
Q

what are the advantages of recycling?

A
  • Less pollution
  • Less raw materials needed
  • Less waste to landfill
42
Q

what are the advantages of waste recovery?

A
  • Less pollution
  • Less ‘new’ raw material needed
  • Encourages new business enterprises
  • Customers can sometimes make money for ‘trade in’
  • Reduces initial cost of material for companies
43
Q

What are the advantages of incineration?

A
  • Produces heat which can create power
  • Prevents production of methane from landfill
  • Can remove waste up to 90%
  • Reduces need to trade waste and ship elsewhere to landfill
44
Q

What are the adavatages of Landfill/ burial waste disposal?

A
  • Modern landfills can be eco-friendly once they have been filled
  • Keep hazardous waste separate from the landfill
  • Some gases given off can be used as a source of energy
45
Q

What are the advantages of submergence waste disposal?

A
  • Cheap
  • Singapore has been incinerating much of its waste since 1999 and sending the ash to an offshore landfill called Semakau. This has been formed by the building of a dike in a shallow sea. It is lined with an impermeable membrane to stop leakage. Each call is covered with a layer of earth into which grass and tree roots ultimately
46
Q

What are the disadvantages of unregulated waste disposal?

A
  • Breading ground for vermin and insects, which can spread diseases
  • Contamination of groundwater from leachate
  • Air pollution from burning waste
47
Q

What are the disadvantages of recycling?

A
  • Some materials are expensive to recycle- Some materials are not able to be recycled
  • Humans have to want to recycle (care)
  • Unclean items may ruin an entire ‘batch ‘ of recycling
48
Q

What are the disadvantages of waste recovery?

A
  • Not all bits of everything can be recovered
  • Does not remove waste from the system… might just delay when it goes to landfill
49
Q

What are the disadvantages of waste incineration?

A
  • High cost
  • Depending on where it is burnt it MIGHT produce higher toxin release
  • Could have health and environmental risk
50
Q

What are the disadvantages of landfill/ burial of waste?

A
  • SOme of the gases are pollutants and flamable
  • MAkes the land unesable
  • No one wants t olive near one!
  • Once it is full it cannot be re-used
51
Q

What are the disadvantages of submergence?

A

Dumping radioactive and hazardous waste off the coast of Somalia as the country lacks strong governance. The development of the GPGP (global pacific garbage patch) a floating island of mainly plastic. The GPGP covers an estimated surface area of 1.6 million square km, an areas x2 the size of Texas

52
Q

What is municipal waste?

A

comes from municipal services and activities such as street cleaning

53
Q

What is municiapl solid waste?

A

Includes solid domestic waste and commercial waste

54
Q

What are the impacts of increasing waste?

A
  • Multiple risks to human health, respiratory and ksin problems
  • Air pollution due to emissions and relase of methane
  • Contamination of water sources
  • Loss of recyclable resources, metals, plastics and glass
55
Q

What is a waste stream?

A

A flow of waste, from where it is created to where it ends up, in landfill, recycled etc

56
Q

WHat are the social issues with waste in Mumbai?

A
  • No method of safe disposal from E-waste, can lead to serious health issues
  • Large network of scrap traders who sift through rubbish and sell it
  • People who work breaking down Pcs and monitors exposed to harmful toxic chemicals
57
Q

What is the concentration of particulate matter in the air in Mumbai?

A

2000 microgasms/m3 compared to the safe levek of 150

58
Q

Which gases are in high concentration in Mumbai?

A

Carbon monoxide

59
Q

Why is rubbish often dumped in the street in Mumbai?

A

There is no formal system for rubbish collection

60
Q

What is residential waste?

A

From single and multi-family dwellings: food waste, paper, cardboard, textiles etc

61
Q

What is industrial waste?

A

Light and heavy manufacturing: housekeeping waste, packaging, construction and demolition materials, hazardous wastes, ash etc

62
Q

WHat is commercial waste?

A

Shops, hotels, resteraunts: paper, cardboard, plastic, food waste, glas, metals etc

63
Q

WHat is institutional waste?

A

School, hospitals, prisons: paper, cardboard, plastic, food, glass, metals etc

64
Q

What is construction/demolition waste?

A

New construction sites, road repair, demolition, renovation: wood, steel, concrete, dirt etc

65
Q

What is municiapl service waste?

A

Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, recreation: street sweepings, tree trimmings, general waste, sludge etc

66
Q

What is process waste?

A

solid waste resulting from an industrial/manufacturing e.g scrap materials, chemical waste

67
Q

What is agricultural waste§?

A

Crops, orchards, farms: food waste, agricultural waste, hazardous wastes e.g pesticides

68
Q

How much electronic waste is produced in Mumbai annually?

A

19,000 tonnes

69
Q

How much rubbish does Mumbai’s population created per day?

A

8500 tonnes

70
Q

Why is waste collection difficult for low-income countries?

A

In can be the single largest budgetary item, so often can’t be afforded

71
Q

What % of waste in LIC did the World `bank estimate was uncollected?

A

30-60%

72
Q

Why was Beirut in a political crisis in 2015?

A

The overflowing landfill was closed and rubbish was left to pile up in the streets and rivers, leading to protests

73
Q

What were the government targets for recycling?

A

To recycle 40% of household waste by 2012

Human Geography: CUE (16 decks)

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