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Human Geography: CUE > 3.2.3.2 : Urban Forms + PMWC - LA + London > Flashcards

3.2.3.2 : Urban Forms + PMWC - LA + London Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an urban form?

A

The physical characteristics that go towards making up an urban area, shape, size, population density etc

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2
Q

What features do world cities have? (5)

A
  • Major transport links
  • Higher quality education facilities
  • More luxurious leisure and entertainment
  • Hub for trade and manufacturing, industry
  • Centre for decision making and power on global scales
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3
Q

What are pre-industrial cities?

A

Largely unaffected by industrial developments and have retained much of urban layout and characteristics, historic buildings such as churches and castles dominated city centre e.g BAth

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4
Q

What are modern/ Industrial cities?

A

Similar activities and similar people grouped together, homogenous areas with each area dominated by particular land use.
Dominant CBD and residential zoning e.g. Birmingham

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5
Q

What are post-industrial cities?

A

Urban Mosaic space – space more chaotic and looser structure with many smaller zones rather than one or two dominations. Multi-nodal structure and less dominant CBD e.g. Tokyo

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6
Q

What are public-transport orientated/ motivated cities?

A

Integrated approach to planning, developments along railway lines in main roads, linked to major road, networks, and non-residential land use on urban fringe, e.g Detroit

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7
Q

What are African cities?

A

Cities grown from colonial settlements and have not experienced the industrialisation of US/European urban centres, dominant CBD and political –/cultural Centre, e.g. Nairobi

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8
Q

What are socialist cities?

A

Follow the principle of classless cities, everyone should live in the same type of housing, blocker, respective location, housing located close to services to encourage walking, homogenous with large, administrative/political centre rather than commercial e.g. Prague

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9
Q

What are wet points?

A

If an area is likely to flood, people are less inclined to live there. If there is reliable water sources, a population may thrive.

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10
Q

What are dry points?

A

In areas of drought, people are less inclined to live there, but if floods are rare, it may be beneficial

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11
Q

What are gap towns?

A

Between hills/mountains, where less people visit due to the difficult location, smaller population, and long, thin shape, due to valleys

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12
Q

How do resources affect urban characteristics?

A

The more resources, the city has, the more they can build and the more growth can occur, economically and physically

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13
Q

How does relief affect urban characteristics,?

A

Flatland requires higher prices, good to build on. Attracts wealthy people and businesses.

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14
Q

Which contrasting setting can be used to compare urban characteristics?

A

Dharavi, Mumbai and Jewellery Quarter, Birmingham

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15
Q

What is the CBD?

A

The commercial and business centre of a city

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16
Q

What are residential areas?

A

Area providing accommodation and other services

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17
Q

What are out of town retail developments?

A

Large, specially built areas, usually on the edge of town where there are lots of large shops and other facilities as well as free parking

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18
Q

What are business and science parks?

A

An organisation managed by professionals whose main aim is to increase the wealth of its community by promoting the culture of innovation and competitiveness

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19
Q

What is there inner city?

A

An area near the centre of a city, Especially associated with social and economic problems

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20
Q

Describe the Hoyt model:

A

A central CBD, with surrounding lower class, residential and light manufacturing extending out from the centre in some areas. Middle and upper class residential towards the outside, round the edge.

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21
Q

Describe the multi nuclear model:

A

Are fairly central, but offset CBD, surrounded by lower and middle class, residential on either side. Includes industrial parks and heavy industry on outskirts and different nuclei of light, manufacturing and wholesale.

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22
Q

What are examples of new urban landscapes?

A

– cultural and heritage quarters.
– gentrified areas
– fortress landscapes
– edge cities

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23
Q

What are changes in city centre, cultural and heritage quarters?

A

Cultural quarters developed to encourage growth and revitalise the local economy in the arts in creative

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24
Q

What are the pros of cultural and heritage quarters?

A

– Make use of long-term associations with certain things, e.g. Gloucester, docs
– focus on the history of the area

25
Q

What are the cons of cultural and heritage quarters?

A

An area must have some sort of cultural heritage for the scheme to be successful

26
Q

What is an example of cultural and heritage quarters?

A

Cardiff Bay

27
Q

What are gentrified areas?

A

A form of inner-city regeneration, involves movement of affluent, usually young, middle-class, people in traditionally run down, cheaper areas of the city

28
Q

What are the pros of gentrified areas? (3)

A

– Property values increase as money is invested.
– local services upgraded
– desirable, improved previously rundown areas.

29
Q

What are the cons of gentrified areas?

A

– Local people may feel alienate it and price out of the local housing market.
– trickle-down effect on working-class people.

30
Q

What is an example of a gentrified area?

A

Notting Hill

31
Q

What are fortress developments?

A

Anti-terrorist and crime prevention measures, plus the urge to keep people moving contribute to the way that buildings are designed.

Designed around security, exclusion, surveillance and protection

32
Q

What are the pros of fortress developments?

A

High-tech security features keep people inside safe

33
Q

What are the cons of fortress developments?

A

– Many features installed to prevent homeless people being able to sleep – anti-homeless spikes, sloped, benches, etc
– more livable for the consumer, less, so for other people

34
Q

What is an example of a fortress development?

A

The US Embassy, London

35
Q

What are edge cities?

A

The decentralisation of people and economic activities lead to the suburbs, becoming centres with city like qualities.
Offices, residential, leisure centres, et cetera

36
Q

What are the pros of edge cities?

A

Close to transport, links and shop/recreational areas, it’s

37
Q

What are the cons of edge cities?

A

Draws people out of the city, down to decentralisation

38
Q

What is an example of an edge city?

A
39
Q

What is a post-modern western city (PMWC)?

A

An urban form associated with changes in urban structure and architectural design, reflecting the change, social and economic conditions of the late 20th century in some Western cities

40
Q

What is the concept of a PMWC based on?

A

Experiences of a small number of American cities

41
Q

What are the features of modernism?

A

Concrete, glass, steel, less is more, blank canvas after WWII destruction 

42
Q

What are features of post-modernism?

A

Design over function, unnecessary ornamentation, mix of features from classical and modern with twists.

43
Q

What urban structure do post-modern cities have?

A

Multinodal with high-tech corridors in post suburban developments

44
Q

What do post modern cities encourage?

A

Diversity, mixing of social groups

45
Q

What are the characteristics of a PMWC?

A

Fragmentation
Globalisation
Simulation.
Fortification
Beautification.

46
Q

What is an example of a PMWC?

A

Los Angeles

47
Q

What does post modern architecture draw on elements of?

A

modern, classical and own ideas

48
Q

What does a post modern describe?

A

changes to western cultures and societies in the late 20th century

49
Q

What urban structure do cities usually follow?

A

a multi nodal structure, containing high tech corridors and post suburban developments- doesn’t fit typical models

50
Q

What is the architecture and landscape like of a PMWC?

A

a landscape where the architecture is more of an expression of art than function. greater use of heritage

51
Q

What are the economic of a PMWC?

A

service sector based economy that focusses of niche markets. a globalised economy. telecommunications dominates

52
Q

How are PMWCs planned?

A

cities are planned in fragments, and focussing on aesthetic needs rather than social needs- social segregation caused

53
Q

What was the first post modern building in London and when was it built?

A

the TV-am building in Camden Locks built in the early 1980s

54
Q

Why is the gherkin skyscraper in a cone shape?

A

in order to reduce wind turbulence, more public space at ground level- uniting form and function of the building

55
Q

How does the MI6 building in London look and how does this add to its function?

A

has a castle like shape, both playing on the use of the building and allowing important security measures such as high walls and small windows to be put in without looking too harsh

56
Q

Why is London not a complete PMWC?

A

it contains Victorian buildings, modern art and traditional music

57
Q

What is the economy of Las Vegas?

A

service sector

58
Q

What type of urban planning is in LAs Vegas?

A

there isn’t much urban planning - is a fragmented city where builders are given free reign to build what and where they want, particularly along the ‘Strip’

59
Q

Who do the local government in LAs Vegas work for in terms of development?

A

Work in partnerships with private corporations in infrastructure planning

Human Geography: CUE (16 decks)

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