3233 - Social Issues Associated With Urbanisation

Question 1

What is a key feature of cities in Asia, Africa and South America

Answer 1

Increasingly large wealth gap between rich & poor residents known as economic inequality

Question 2

What is an example of economic inequality in Mumbai India

Answer 2

Worlds most expensive home (Antilla) towers over, byculla one of the largest slum areas of the city

Question 3

In areas the wealthy and the poor seem to concentrate spatially what is this an example of?

Answer 3

Social segregation

Question 4

Name three reasons why the wealthy and poor concentrate spatially

Answer 4

1. Housing
2. Changing environments
3. Ethnic dimension

Question 5

Describe why housing cusses the wealthy and poor to concentrate spatially

Answer 5

Developers, builders and planners tend to build housing on parts of parts of land with a particular market in mind. Wealthier groups = choose to pay for housing well away from poor areas in pleasing environments and services such as quality schools and parks. Poorer groups have far less choice as to where they live

Question 6

Describe why changing environments affect the concentration of wealthy and poorer people spatially

Answer 6

Housing and neighbourhoods change over time. Houses that were originally built for large families in Georgian and Victorian times are now too big for the average UK family and so many are now flats for private rental to those who are no lower incomes. Former poor areas are gentrified making them popular amongst wealthier groups. The ‘right to do’ legislation in the 1980s = transformed many council estates as houses were bought and improved

Question 7

Describe why the ethnic dimension affects concentration of wealthy and poor spatially

Answer 7

When ethnic groups originally come to the country as new immigrants and they first arrive they face discrimination in the job market leading to unemployment or employment in low paid employment and therefore can only afford cheap housing and cluster in poor areas = ethnic grouping then tend to continue into later generations

Question 8

First way of measuring poverty and inequality

Answer 8

Primary data, e.g quality,made with and concentration of the housing and the nature of the physical and social environment

Question 9

Second way of measuring poverty and inequality

Answer 9

Secondly data. An assessment of deprivation levels including poverty in terms of low income or shown by poor health or lack of possessions e.g cars

Question 10

What is multiple deprivation

Answer 10

Social, environmental and economic deprivation

Question 11

What is the index of multiple deprivation

Answer 11

UK government qualities tuft measuring deprivation at small area level across England. It is an overall measure of multiple deprivation experienced by people living in an area and is calculated for every lower layer super output area or neighbourhood in England and is ranked according to its level of deprivation relative to that of other areas.

Question 12

How is the index of multiple deprivation measured

Answer 12

Using indices of deprivation. 2015 English indices of multiple deprivation are based on 37 separate indicators organised across seven distinct domains of depredation that are combined using appropriate weights to calculate the index of multiple deprivation.

Question 13

Key findings of 2015 IMD

Answer 13

• majority of most deprived areas in England were cities, specifically in areas that historically has large heavy industry manufacturing or mining sectors, coastal towns and large parts of east London
• 20 most deprived areas in 2015 were largely the same found in 2010

Question 14

Define urban social exclusion

Answer 14

Refers to the problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation

Question 15

What are people who face social exclusion excluded from and what happens as a consequence

Answer 15

Full participation in society by their social and physical circumstances and cannot access decent jobs and therefore end up in poor housing because of poverty with poor health and high levels of crimes in an unattractive physical environment

Question 16

What caused characterises of Decline in cities

Answer 16

Caused by de industrialisation in second half of the twentieth candy when unemployment was a major issue - population loss = followed the movement of younger more affluent and skilled residents left behind a population who are older, less skilled and poor

Question 17

Is there a pattern to urban poverty

Answer 17

No clear geographical pattern to urban poverty today. The image of a troubled inner city that spass surrounded by affluent suburbs is out dated

Question 18

Briefly explain inequality in inner city areas

Answer 18

There is inequalities within a city and they tend to exist in terms of success to job opportunities,medication, housing and basic public services e.g water and sanitation

Question 19

Give an example of inequality in terms of water and sanitation

Answer 19

In many poorer cities adequate water and sanitation are channelled to wealthier neighbourhoods while low a income neighbourhoods often depend on distant and unsafe water wells and lack any form of waste disposal

Question 20

Explain poverty cycle

Answer 20

The poor live informal housing lacking basic infrastructure and services. Knock on effects cause health and employment and lack of social mobility and therefore they are stuck in a cycle of poverty which is hard to escape

Question 21

First three strategies to tacking urban poverty and inequality

Answer 21

1. Enforcing a living wage / providing an urban subsidy E.g in China the gov subsidy paid urban dwellers to bring incomes up to a minimum level of 4,476 yuan or £446 Hess had a success in reducing urban poverty
2. Provision of schools - schooling beyond primary level helps to lift millions out of poverty in lower income contraries
3. Supporting low skilled workers who want to develop their ability

Question 22

Second two strategies to tacking poverty in urban areas

Answer 22

4. Greater provision odd public transport - affordable public transport improve mobility for the city poor, enabling them to access employment E.g Rio de Janerio sky high transport system that connects 6 hilltops built in 2011, service to 13 favelas and provider access to main part of the city
5. Enforce minimum environmental standards - strongly linked to poor environmental conditions improved through effective legislation

Question 23

Define cultural diversity

Answer 23

Refers to existence of a variety of cultural groups within a society

Question 24

What does culture relate to?

Answer 24

Nationality, race, age and traditions

Question 25

What factor plays a key role in cultural diversity

Answer 25

Immigration

Question 26

Where does cultural diversity tend to flourish?

Answer 26

Urban areas, especially big cities e.g London, NY and Amsterdam = creation of multicultural society

Question 27

Describe the example of London in cultural diversity

Answer 27

London is one of the most diverse cities in the world. More than 300 languages are spoken by the people of London and the city has at least 50 non-indigenous communities with populations of 10,000 or more

Question 28

Name a factor that has increased movement around the world

Answer 28

Globalisation

Question 29

Define diaspora

Answer 29

Large group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world

Question 30

Give an example of a dispora

Answer 30

In the United Arab Emirates the city of Dubais city population majority is made of expatriates. 2/3’s of the population is of Asian decent and many Europeans love there

Question 31

Generally why is there greater cultural diversity in cities

Answer 31

Cultural diversity results largely from immigration

Question 32

Why are immigrants more likely to choose to live in urban areas

Answer 32

• employment opportunities
• cities tend to have house earlier immigrant groups with the same ethnicity
• established cultural diversity means that there are specialist shops and religious cultures

Question 33

Example of immigrants moving to cities (UK)

Answer 33

In the UK there have been a significant number of migrants that have shaped the cultural diversity of our major cities w.g Liverpool attracted many migrants in the 19th century

Question 34

What are the benefits of cultural diversity and an example

Answer 34

Greater exposure to different foods, music, languages and religion example = Notting hill carnival in London and Thai and Mexican restaurants can be found in every major urban area in Britain

Question 35

Name the three issues with cultural diversity

Answer 35

• Cultural diversity puts pressure on already stretched urban services e.g where language differs local authorities may need to provide English lessons or bilingual literature
• hospitals have to cater for specific needs
• schools must alter their curricular and holiday patterns for different ethnic groups

Question 36

Why have some ethnic communities become isolated in European and North American communities?

Answer 36

Maintained own language and beliefs and limited interaction with others

Question 37

In American culture what doe the term ghetto refer to

Answer 37

Used to describe an area of a city where the population is exclusively made up of their ethnic or cultural minority

Question 38

( Ethnic segregation change over time) What did 2011 census data Reveal

Answer 38

Many large cities in the uk including Leicester, Birmingham and Manchester saw a decrease in segregation for most ethnic groups between 2001 & 2011

Question 39

Name one way in which negative issues have been tackled

Answer 39

Through a policy of interculturalism being promoted. This emphasis and the exchange of ideas between cultural groups

Question 40

What has the UK in order to tackle issues regarding ethnic segregation

Answer 40

Brought in legislation on anti racism employment rights and opportunities to combat discrimination, prejudice and racism