3233 - Social Issues Associated With Urbanisation Flashcards
What is a key feature of cities in Asia, Africa and South America
Increasingly large wealth gap between rich & poor residents known as economic inequality
What is an example of economic inequality in Mumbai India
Worlds most expensive home (Antilla) towers over, byculla one of the largest slum areas of the city
In areas the wealthy and the poor seem to concentrate spatially what is this an example of?
Social segregation
Name three reasons why the wealthy and poor concentrate spatially
- Housing
- Changing environments
- Ethnic dimension
Describe why housing cusses the wealthy and poor to concentrate spatially
Developers, builders and planners tend to build housing on parts of parts of land with a particular market in mind. Wealthier groups = choose to pay for housing well away from poor areas in pleasing environments and services such as quality schools and parks. Poorer groups have far less choice as to where they live
Describe why changing environments affect the concentration of wealthy and poorer people spatially
Housing and neighbourhoods change over time. Houses that were originally built for large families in Georgian and Victorian times are now too big for the average UK family and so many are now flats for private rental to those who are no lower incomes. Former poor areas are gentrified making them popular amongst wealthier groups. The ‘right to do’ legislation in the 1980s = transformed many council estates as houses were bought and improved
Describe why the ethnic dimension affects concentration of wealthy and poor spatially
When ethnic groups originally come to the country as new immigrants and they first arrive they face discrimination in the job market leading to unemployment or employment in low paid employment and therefore can only afford cheap housing and cluster in poor areas = ethnic grouping then tend to continue into later generations
First way of measuring poverty and inequality
Primary data, e.g quality,made with and concentration of the housing and the nature of the physical and social environment
Second way of measuring poverty and inequality
Secondly data. An assessment of deprivation levels including poverty in terms of low income or shown by poor health or lack of possessions e.g cars
What is multiple deprivation
Social, environmental and economic deprivation
What is the index of multiple deprivation
UK government qualities tuft measuring deprivation at small area level across England. It is an overall measure of multiple deprivation experienced by people living in an area and is calculated for every lower layer super output area or neighbourhood in England and is ranked according to its level of deprivation relative to that of other areas.
How is the index of multiple deprivation measured
Using indices of deprivation. 2015 English indices of multiple deprivation are based on 37 separate indicators organised across seven distinct domains of depredation that are combined using appropriate weights to calculate the index of multiple deprivation.
Key findings of 2015 IMD
- majority of most deprived areas in England were cities, specifically in areas that historically has large heavy industry manufacturing or mining sectors, coastal towns and large parts of east London
- 20 most deprived areas in 2015 were largely the same found in 2010
Define urban social exclusion
Refers to the problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation
What are people who face social exclusion excluded from and what happens as a consequence
Full participation in society by their social and physical circumstances and cannot access decent jobs and therefore end up in poor housing because of poverty with poor health and high levels of crimes in an unattractive physical environment
What caused characterises of Decline in cities
Caused by de industrialisation in second half of the twentieth candy when unemployment was a major issue - population loss = followed the movement of younger more affluent and skilled residents left behind a population who are older, less skilled and poor
Is there a pattern to urban poverty
No clear geographical pattern to urban poverty today. The image of a troubled inner city that spass surrounded by affluent suburbs is out dated
Briefly explain inequality in inner city areas
There is inequalities within a city and they tend to exist in terms of success to job opportunities,medication, housing and basic public services e.g water and sanitation
Give an example of inequality in terms of water and sanitation
In many poorer cities adequate water and sanitation are channelled to wealthier neighbourhoods while low a income neighbourhoods often depend on distant and unsafe water wells and lack any form of waste disposal
Explain poverty cycle
The poor live informal housing lacking basic infrastructure and services. Knock on effects cause health and employment and lack of social mobility and therefore they are stuck in a cycle of poverty which is hard to escape
First three strategies to tacking urban poverty and inequality
- Enforcing a living wage / providing an urban subsidy E.g in China the gov subsidy paid urban dwellers to bring incomes up to a minimum level of 4,476 yuan or £446 Hess had a success in reducing urban poverty
- Provision of schools - schooling beyond primary level helps to lift millions out of poverty in lower income contraries
- Supporting low skilled workers who want to develop their ability
Second two strategies to tacking poverty in urban areas
- Greater provision odd public transport - affordable public transport improve mobility for the city poor, enabling them to access employment E.g Rio de Janerio sky high transport system that connects 6 hilltops built in 2011, service to 13 favelas and provider access to main part of the city
- Enforce minimum environmental standards - strongly linked to poor environmental conditions improved through effective legislation
Define cultural diversity
Refers to existence of a variety of cultural groups within a society
What does culture relate to?
Nationality, race, age and traditions
What factor plays a key role in cultural diversity
Immigration
Where does cultural diversity tend to flourish?
Urban areas, especially big cities e.g London, NY and Amsterdam = creation of multicultural society
Describe the example of London in cultural diversity
London is one of the most diverse cities in the world. More than 300 languages are spoken by the people of London and the city has at least 50 non-indigenous communities with populations of 10,000 or more
Name a factor that has increased movement around the world
Globalisation
Define diaspora
Large group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world
Give an example of a dispora
In the United Arab Emirates the city of Dubais city population majority is made of expatriates. 2/3’s of the population is of Asian decent and many Europeans love there
Generally why is there greater cultural diversity in cities
Cultural diversity results largely from immigration
Why are immigrants more likely to choose to live in urban areas
- employment opportunities
- cities tend to have house earlier immigrant groups with the same ethnicity
- established cultural diversity means that there are specialist shops and religious cultures
Example of immigrants moving to cities (UK)
In the UK there have been a significant number of migrants that have shaped the cultural diversity of our major cities w.g Liverpool attracted many migrants in the 19th century
What are the benefits of cultural diversity and an example
Greater exposure to different foods, music, languages and religion example = Notting hill carnival in London and Thai and Mexican restaurants can be found in every major urban area in Britain
Name the three issues with cultural diversity
- Cultural diversity puts pressure on already stretched urban services e.g where language differs local authorities may need to provide English lessons or bilingual literature
- hospitals have to cater for specific needs
- schools must alter their curricular and holiday patterns for different ethnic groups
Why have some ethnic communities become isolated in European and North American communities?
Maintained own language and beliefs and limited interaction with others
In American culture what doe the term ghetto refer to
Used to describe an area of a city where the population is exclusively made up of their ethnic or cultural minority
( Ethnic segregation change over time) What did 2011 census data Reveal
Many large cities in the uk including Leicester, Birmingham and Manchester saw a decrease in segregation for most ethnic groups between 2001 & 2011
Name one way in which negative issues have been tackled
Through a policy of interculturalism being promoted. This emphasis and the exchange of ideas between cultural groups
What has the UK in order to tackle issues regarding ethnic segregation
Brought in legislation on anti racism employment rights and opportunities to combat discrimination, prejudice and racism
